Detecting abnormal events in video using Narrowed Normality Clusters

We formulate the abnormal event detection problem as an outlier detection task and we propose a two-stage algorithm based on k-means clustering and one-class Support Vector Machines (SVM) to eliminate outliers. In the feature extraction stage, we propose to augment spatio-temporal cubes with deep appearance features extracted from the last convolutional layer of a pre-trained neural network. After extracting motion and appearance features from the training video containing only normal events, we apply k-means clustering to find clusters representing different types of normal motion and appearance features. In the first stage, we consider that clusters with fewer samples (with respect to a given threshold) contain mostly outliers, and we eliminate these clusters altogether. In the second stage, we shrink the borders of the remaining clusters by training a one-class SVM model on each cluster. To detected abnormal events in the test video, we analyze each test sample and consider its maximum normality score provided by the trained one-class SVM models, based on the intuition that a test sample can belong to only one cluster of normality. If the test sample does not fit well in any narrowed normality cluster, then it is labeled as abnormal. We compare our method with several state-of-the-art methods on three benchmark data sets. The empirical results indicate that our abnormal event detection framework can achieve better results in most cases, while processing the test video in real-time at 24 frames per second on a single CPU.Comment: Accepted at WACV 2019. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0818

A Model for Bias Potential Effects on the Effective Langmuir Adsorption–Desorption Processes

We discuss the foundations of a model based on an extension of the Langmuir approximation for the adsorption–desorption phenomena, in which the phenomenological coefficients depend on the bias potential, in addition to their dependence on the adsorption energy. The theoretical analysis focuses on the effect of these effective coefficients on the electrical response of an electrolytic cell to an external electric field, as predicted by the Poisson–Nernst–Planck model. Kinetic balance equations govern the current densities on the electrodes when the adsorption phenomenon occurs in the presence of an electric bias. The influence of the phenomenological parameters entering the model, as well as of the symmetry of the cell on the cyclic voltammetry, is investigated

A simple model of ac hopping surface conductivity in ionic liquids

The boundary conditions proposed to discuss the charge exchange taking place in an ionic liquid in contact with non-blocking electrodes are reconsidered in a dynamic situation. Assuming that the variation of the bulk ionic current density depends linearly on the surface value of the ionic current density, the frequency dependence of the phenomenological parameter is determined. The analysis has been performed in the framework where the relaxation times are smaller than a maximum relaxation time τM, and that the response function is independent on the value of the relaxation time. Using simple physical considerations, an expression for the surface conductivity describing the ionic charge exchange at the electrode is obtained. According to our calculations, its frequency dependence is similar to that predicted for the electric conductivity in disordered materials when the mechanism is of the hopping type. From measurements of impedance spectroscopy, by the best fit of the experimental data, the temperature dependence of the hopping time, of the dc surface conductivity, and of the diffusion coefficient are derived. They are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions obtained with the random distribution of surface energy barrier. Keywords: Ionic liquids, Non-blocking electrodes, Electrical impedance spectroscopy, AC hopping surface conductivit

Modeling of the dye loading time influence on the electrical impedance of a dye-sensitized solar cell

A hemisquaraine dye molecule (CT1) was used as TiO2 sensitizer. The influence of the dye-adsorption time on the electrical impedance of a CT1-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) was analyzed. Differently from what we observed with commercial Ru dye-based DSC, a non-monotonic effect of the impregnation time on the impedance has been found and the dye loading time is much reduced, a desirable outcome in economic grounds. This feature is analyzed in terms of the dye molecules tendency to aggregate close to the TiO2/electrolyte interface. A physical model that fits well the experimental data is proposed, which also takes into account a correction related to the difference between the illuminated area of the cell and the total area available in the electrical measurements

Significance of small voltage in impedance spectroscopy measurements on electrolytic cells

We investigate, theoretically, for what amplitude of the applied voltage to an electrolytic cell the concept of impedance is meaningful. The analysis is performed by means of a continuum model, by assuming the electrodes perfectly blocking. We show that, in the low-frequency range, the electrolytic cell behaves as a linear system only if the amplitude of the measurement voltage is small with respect to the thermal voltage V(T)=k(B)T/q, where k(B)T is the thermal energy, and q is the modulus of the electrical charge of the ions, assumed identical except for the sign of the charge. On the contrary, for large frequency, we prove that the amplitude of the applied signal has to be small with respect to a critical voltage that is frequency dependent. The same kind of analysis is presented for the case in which the diffusion coefficients of the positive ions is different from that for negative ions, and for the case where surface adsorption takes place

A model for electrode effects based on adsorption theory

A model to describe the electrode effects based on the adsorption theory is proposed. We assume that the coverage (i.e by gas bubbles, electrodeposition of compounds, etc) of the electrodes is governed by a kinetics equation where the adsorption term is proportional to the bulk current density, and the desorption term to the actual coverage. The adsorption can take place only on the uncovered part of the electrode. We show that the coverage is responsible for a variation of the interface properties of the electrode. The time dependence of the electric response of the cell, submitted to an external voltage, is determined by solving the differential equation for the coverage. We show that two regimes are expected. One, in the limit of small time, controlled by the charging of the surface interface, and one related to the coverage. The theoretical predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data concerning the time dependence of the current and the current-voltage characteristics of a home-made photo-electrolyzer constituted by a BiVO4 photoanode and a Pt cathode. Moreover, a normalized current-voltage curve was obtained, which fit also literature data based on (i) electrolysis on cylindrical stainless-steel electrodes in NaOH electrolyte and (ii) electrolytic plasma nitrocarburizing of AISI 1020 steel discs in an Urea-based aqueous solution, demonstrating the versatility and broad range of application of the here proposed model