18,765 research outputs found
Ions at the air-water interface: An end to one hundred year old mystery?
Availability of highly reactive halogen ions at the surface of aerosols has
tremendous implications for the atmospheric chemistry. Yet neither simulations,
experiments, nor existing theories are able to provide a fully consistent
description of the electrolyte-air interface. In this paper a new theory is
proposed which allows us to explicitly calculate the ionic density profiles,
the surface tension, and the electrostatic potential difference across the
solution-air interface. Predictions of the theory are compared to experiments
and are found to be in excellent agreement. The theory also sheds new light on
one of the oldest puzzles of physical chemistry -- the Hofmeister effect
Non-renormalization for the Liouville wave function
Using an exact functional method, within the framework of the gradient
expansion for the Liouville effective action, we show that the kinetic term for
the Liouville field is not renormalized.Comment: 13 pages Latex, no figure
On soft capacities, quasi-stationary distributions and the pathwise approach to metastability
Motivated by the study of the metastable stochastic Ising model at
subcritical temperature and in the limit of a vanishing magnetic field, we
extend the notion of (, )-capacities between sets, as well as
the associated notion of soft-measures, to the case of overlapping sets. We
recover their essential properties, sometimes in a stronger form or in a
simpler way, relying on weaker hypotheses. These properties allow to write the
main quantities associated with reversible metastable dynamics, e.g. asymptotic
transition and relaxation times, in terms of objects that are associated with
two-sided variational principles. We also clarify the connection with the
classical "pathwise approach" by referring to temporal means on the appropriate
time scale.Comment: 29 pages, 1 figur
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