Analisa Pondasi Pile Raft Pada Tanah Lunak Dengan Plaxis 2d

Permasalahan penurunan menjadi salah satu masalah yang sering dihadapi para perencana pondasi bangunan dikarenakan oleh kondisi tanah yang lunak. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada, banyak perencana menggunakan pondasi raft atau pondasi rakit, karena dianggap mampu memberikan faktor keamanan yang memadai dalam menghadapi kegagalan daya dukung ultimate. Namun diperkirakan pondasi raft ini akan mengalami penurunan yang besar. Permasalahan tersebut mungkin dapat berkurang jika adanya penambahan pile pada pondasi raft sehingga menjadi pondasi pile raft. Dengan penambahan pile pada pondasi raft diharapkan perencanaannya mempertimbangkan segi ekonomis. Dengan menggunakan beban merata 6 t/m2, dilakukan penelitian pada pondasi pile raft dengan memvariasikan tebal raft yakni 80 cm, 100 cm, 120 cm dan 140 cm. Untuk panjang pile divariasikan dari panjang 5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 13 m dan 15 m. Analisis penurunan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Plaxis 2D dan Metode Poulos. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penambahan jumlah pile pada pondasi raft menghasilkan profil penurunan yang berkurang namun pada suatu keadaan tertentu penambahan pile tidak memberikan kontribusi yang lebih signifikan. Begitupun dengan perhitungan Poulos, pada konfigurasi pile tertentu tidak memberi kontribusi lagi. Sehingga desain yang ekonomis pada penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan tebal raft 80 cm dengan panjang pile 13 m dan konfigurasi pile 7x7

The Impact of High-Fat Diet on Metabolism and Immune Defense in Small Intestine Mucosa

Improved procedures for sample preparation and proteomic data analysis allowed us to identify 7700 different proteins in mouse small intestinal mucosa and calculate the concentrations of >5000 proteins. We compared protein concentrations of small intestinal mucosa from mice that were fed for two months with normal diet (ND) containing 34.4% carbohydrates, 19.6% protein, and 3.3% fat or high-fat diet (HFD) containing 25.3% carbohydrates, 24.1% protein, and 34.6% fat. Eleven percent of the quantified proteins were significantly different between ND and HFD. After HFD, we observed an elevation of proteins involved in protein synthesis, protein <i>N</i>-glycosylation, and vesicle trafficking. Proteins engaged in fatty acid absorption, fatty acid β-oxidation, and steroid metabolism were also increased. Enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle were decreased, whereas proteins of the respiratory chain and of ATP synthase were increased. The protein concentrations of various nutrient transporters located in the enterocyte plasma membrane including the Na⁺-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1, the passive glucose transporter GLUT2, and the H⁺-peptide cotransporter PEPT1 were decreased. The concentration of the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, which turned out to be the most strongly expressed enterocyte transporter, was also decreased. HFD also induced concentration changes of drug transporters and of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, which suggests effects of HFD on pharmacokinetics and toxicities. Finally, we observed down-regulation of antibody subunits and of components of the major histocompatibility complex II that may reflect impaired immune defense and immune tolerance in HFD. Our work shows dramatic changes in functional proteins of small intestine mucosa upon excessive fat consumption

NHC Nickel-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Boronate Esters with Perfluorobenzenes

An efficient Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of perfluorinated arenes with aryl boronate esters using NHC nickel complexes as catalysts is described. The efficiencies of different boronate esters (<i>p</i>-tolyl-Beg, <i>p</i>-tolyl-Bneop, <i>p</i>-tolyl-Bpin, <i>p</i>-tolyl-Bcat) and the corresponding boronic acid (<i>p</i>-tolyl-B­(OH)₂) in this type of cross-coupling reaction were evaluated (eg, ethyleneglycolato; neop, neopentylglycolato; pin, pinacolato; cat, catecholato). Aryl-Beg was shown to be the most reactive boronate ester among those studied. The use of CsF as an additive is essential for an efficient reaction of hexafluorobenzene with aryl neopentylglycolboronates

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrenes Substituted with Donors or Acceptors at the 4- or 4,9-Positions

We report herein an efficient and direct functionalization of the 4,9-positions of pyrene by Ir-catalyzed borylation. Three pinacol boronates (-Bpin), including 4-(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>5</b>), 4,9-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>6</b>), and 4,10-<i>bis</i>(Bpin)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>7</b>), were synthesized. The structures of <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To demonstrate the utility of these compounds, donor (NPh₂)-substituted compounds 4-diphenylamino-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>1</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(diphenyl­amino)-2,7-di­(<i>tert</i>-butyl)­pyrene (<b>2</b>) have been synthesized on a gram scale. Acceptor (BMes₂)-substituted compounds 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)­pyrene (<b>3</b>) and 4,9-<i>bis</i>(BMes₂)-1,2,3,6,7,8-hexa­hydro­pyrene (<b>4</b>) were synthesized for comparison. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The S₀ → S₁ transitions of the 4- or 4,9-disubstituted pyrenes, <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, are allowed, with moderate fluorescence quantum yields and radiative decay rates. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were compared with the 2,6-naphthalenylene-cored compound <b>4</b> as well as the previously reported 2,7- and 1,6- pyrenylene-cored compounds

Electrophilic C–H Borylation of Aza[5]helicenes Leading to Bowl-Shaped Quasi-[7]Circulenes with Switchable Dynamics

The intrinsic relationship between helicenes and circulenes is of fundamental interest and importance in molecular engineering. Herein, electrophilic borylation of phenanthroline-derived aza[5]helicenes is presented, resulting in the incorporation of a boryl unit into two termini of helicenes to afford quasi-[7]circulenes. Their bowl-shaped structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as electrochemical measurements and DFT calculations, gave insight into their electronic properties. Variable-temperature NMR studies and DFT calculations revealed bowl-to-bowl inversion at room temperature and bowl-to-helix equilibria at elevated temperature, highlighting the important role of B ← N bond strength in tuning their dynamic properties