1,732 research outputs found
Trouble at work: A model testing relationships among job strain, social support, cooperativeness, and well-being
The purpose of this study is to test a model proposing that levels of cooperativeness at work affect job strain, as mediated by perceived social support, thereby affecting overall mental well-being
Promoting Healthy Decision-Making via Natural Environment Exposure: Initial Evidence and Future Directions
Research within psychology and other disciplines has shown that exposure to natural environments holds extensive physiological and psychological benefits. Adding to the health and cognitive benefits of natural environments, evidence suggests that exposure to nature also promotes healthy human decision-making. Unhealthy decision-making (e.g., smoking, non-medical prescription opioid misuse) and disorders associated with lack of impulse control [e.g., tobacco use, opioid use disorder (OUD)], contribute to millions of preventable deaths annually (i.e., 6 million people die each year of tobacco-related illness worldwide, deaths from opioids from 2002 to 2017 have more than quadrupled in the United States alone). Impulsive and unhealthy decision-making also contributes to many pressing environmental issues such as climate change. We recently demonstrated a causal link between visual exposure to nature (e.g., forests) and improved self-control (i.e., decreased impulsivity) in a laboratory setting, as well as the extent to which nearby nature and green space exposure improves self-control and health decisions in daily life outside of the experimental laboratory. Determining the benefits of nearby nature for self-controlled decision-making holds theoretical and applied implications for the design of our surrounding environments. In this article, we synergize the overarching results of recent research endeavors in three domains including the effects of nature exposure on (1) general health-related decision-making, (2) health and decision-making relevant for application to addiction related processes (e.g., OUD), and (3) environmentally relevant decision-making. We also discuss key future directions and conclusions
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A Comparison of Fathers' and Mothers' Talk to Toddlers in Low-income Families
The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive information about low-income
fathers’ and mothers’ talk to toddlers and to re-examine the bridge hypothesis
(Gleason, 1975) in light of current changes in family structure and childcare responsibilities.
Thirty-three father–child and mother–child dyads were videotaped during
semi-structured free play at home. Fathers’ and mothers’ talk to children did not differ
in amount, diversity of vocabulary, or linguistic complexity as measured by mean
length of utterance. However, fathers produced more wh-questions and explicit clarification
requests, thus presenting more conversational challenges to children. Resident
fathers employed more direct forms of prohibitives. Results suggest the need
for closer examination of factors related to child-directed speech in varying family
configurations
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Guiding Design: Exposing Librarian and Student Mental Models of Research Guides
This article details an open card sort study administered to undergraduate students, graduate students, and librarians at the University of Colorado at Boulder in order to reveal perceptions of library research guides. The study identifies user group preferences for organization and content of research guides, as well as themes emerging from the collected study data that contrast librarian and user mental models. Interested librarians will gain insights into student perceptions and use of research guides in academic libraries today as well as recommendations for guide design.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89875/1/12.1.sinkinson.pd
Adolescents and Young Adults with Chronic or End-Stage Kidney Disease
Adolescents and young adults face unique and complex physical, psychological, and family challenges. Despite improvements in care for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), long-term mortality for children, adolescents, and young adults with CKD remains substantially higher than their healthy counterparts. In this article, we discuss the complex challenges that adolescent and young adult CKD/ESKD patients face. Adolescents have different CKD etiologies and progress along a course dissimilar to the adult population, but have similar multifarious comorbidities. In the setting of puberty and learning to become self-sufficient, adolescence is a critical time for growth and psychosocial development. Physiological complications of CKD underlie many of the long-term outcomes. CKD-mineral and bone disorder and anemia are particularly challenging given that they are exacerbated by the rapid growth of adolescents. Endocrine imbalances and malnutrition can delay and limit growth. All of these factors, together with family dynamics and socioeconomic status, contribute to the poor long-term outcomes and decreased quality of life (QoL) for these patients and their families. Care for the adolescent CKD/ESKD population is uniquely challenging, but research has identified ways in which we can continue to improve long-term outcomes and QoL for adolescents with CKD/ESKD
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Predictors of Variation in Maternal Talk to Children: A Longitudinal Study of Low-Income Families
Objective. The goals of this study were (1) to examine the extent of variation in
amount and lexical diversity of maternal talk to young children within a sample
of low-income families, (2) to determine the patterns of change over time in maternal
talk during the early childhood years, and (3) to consider specific predictors
of variation in maternal communicative input. Design. Low-income
mother – child dyads (n = 108) were videotaped at child ages 14, 24, and 36
months during semistructured play in the home. Videotapes were transcribed
and analyzed using the conventions of the Child Language Data Exchange System
to determine amount (word tokens) and lexical diversity (word types) of
maternal talk to children. Background information collected from mothers at
study entry served as predictors of variation in communicative input. Individual
growth modeling methods were used to analyze data. Results. Mothers varied
greatly in the number of tokens and types produced during interaction.
Mothers were found to increase in their total amount of talk and diversity of vocabulary
as children aged. In addition to child age, maternal education, language
and literacy skills, depression, and age helped explain variation in level
of maternal talk, but none of the predictors explained variation in growth. Different
combinations of predictors explained variation in tokens versus types.
Conclusions. Findings highlight the importance of studying specific predictors
of parental talk to children, as even in low-income samples large variation in
communicative input is evident
Mott transition in the -flux SU() Hubbard model on a square lattice
We employ the projector quantum Monte Carlo simulations to study the
ground-state properties of the square-lattice SU(4) Hubbard model with a
flux per plaquette. In the weak coupling regime, its ground state is in the
gapless Dirac semi-metal phase. With increasing repulsive interaction, we show
that, a Mott transition occurs from the semimetal to the valence bond solid,
accompanied by the discrete symmetry breaking. Our simulations
demonstrate the existence of a second-order phase transition, which confirms
the Ginzburg-Landau analysis. The phase transition point and the critical
exponent are also estimated. To account for the effect of a flux
on the ordering in the strong coupling regime, we analytically derive by the
perturbation theory the ring-exchange term which describes the leading-order
difference between the -flux and zero-flux SU(4) Hubbard models.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure
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Measuring productive vocabulary of toddlers in low-income families: concurrent and predictive validity of three sources of data
This study examined parental report as a source of information about
toddlers’ productive vocabulary in 105 low-income families living
in either urban or rural communities. Parental report using the
MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory – Short Form
(CDI) at child age 2;0 was compared to concurrent spontaneous speech
measures and standardized language assessments, and the utility of each
source of data for predicting receptive vocabulary at age 3;0 (Peabody
Picture Vocabulary Test) was evaluated. Relations between language
measures of interest and background variables such as maternal age,
education, and race/ethnicity were also considered. Results showed that
for the sample as a whole, parental report was moderately associated
with other language measures at age 2;0 and accounted for unique variance in PPVT at age 3;0, controlling for child language skills
derived from a standard cognitive assessment. However, predictive
validity differed by community, being stronger in the rural than in
the urban community. Implications of significant differences in background
characteristics of mothers in the two sites are discussed
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