Micotoxinas na produção de frangos de corte

The occurrence of mycotoxins has become a problem to be discussed, due to its harmfulness to humans and animal’s health, and may be an obstacle to the poultry economy. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain species of fungi and may contaminate food. Aflatoxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and B1, B2, G1 and G2 are its best known types. Fumonisin, with its B1, B2 or B3 types, are produced by Fusarium, while ochratoxin A is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus. The main trichothecenes mycotoxins are T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol. Zearalenone, produced by different species of Fusarium fungi affects chickens only when they are exposed to extremely high levels of contamination. Generally, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as a decrease in performance and production gains are the most observed effects. There are several laboratory methods that can be used for the determination of mycotoxins. In order to control the contamination, it is necessary to adopt proper farming practices which prevent fungi growth. Once grains and feed are contaminated, biological, physical and/or chemical decontamination methods may be employed, although the physical process with adsorbents mixed to the feed is more widely used. Due to the importance of mycotoxins to poultry production, it is necessary to adopt measures to prevent contamination, and also develop a control and an anti-fungal growth and toxin production program by reviewing the critical points favorable to the emergence of toxin-producing fungi.A ocorrência de micotoxinas tornou-se um problema a ser discutido, pois representa riscos à saúde dos animais e humanos, podendo constituir um obstáculo à economia avícola. Micotoxinas são metabólitos tóxicos produzidos por algumas espécies de fungose podem contaminar os alimentos. Aflatoxinas são majoritariamente produzidas por Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, sendo B1, B2, G1 e G2 os tipos mais conhecidos. Fumonisinas são do tipo B1, B2 e B3, e produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, enquanto a ocratoxina A é produzida por fungos da espécie Penicillium e Aspergillus. As principais micotoxinas dos tricotecenos são toxina T-2, deoxynivalenol e diacetoxyscirpenol. A zearalenona, produzida por diferentes espécies de fungos do gênero Fusarium, afeta os frangos apenas quando estes são expostos a níveis extremamente altos de contaminação. De modo geral, são observados efeitos imunossupressores, hepatotóxicos e nefrotóxicos, com queda no desempenho e nos ganhos de produção. Vários são os métodos laboratoriais que podem ser utilizados para a determinação de micotoxinas. Para o controle da contaminação, é necessário adoção de práticas agrícolas correta, com vistas à prevenção do crescimento de fungos. Após a contaminação de grãos e rações, métodos de descontaminação, biológicos, físicos e/ou químicos podem ser empregados, embora o processo físico com adsorventes misturados às rações seja o mais utilizado. Pela importância que as micotoxinas representam à produção de frangos, é necessário adotar medidas que previnam a contaminação e desenvolver programas de controle e combate ao desenvolvimento fúngico e produção de toxinas, revendo os pontos críticos propícios ao aparecimento dos fungos geradores das toxinas

Effect of diets with different levels of guanidinoacetic acid on newly weaned piglets

Ninety barrow piglets weaned at 21 days old were used to evaluate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on their performance and blood creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels during the nursery phase (21 to 63 days old). The piglets were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% GAA inclusion), six repetitions, and three animals per repetition. The experimental rations were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for the phases of 21 to 32, 33 to 42 and 43 to 63 days of age. The experimental diets and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. At 42 and 63 days old, blood was collected from one animal in each experimental unit for creatinine and creatine kinase analysis. The analysed variables were daily weight gain (DFG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion (FC) in the 21 to 42 days old and 21 to 63 days old of the nursery phase. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. We adopted ? = 0.05, and considered a trend to be present when ? was between 0.05 and 0.10. In the pre-initial period (21 to 42 days old), there was an increasing trend in daily weight (P = 0.069), which increased to the level of 0.97% of GAA inclusion. The DFI and FC were not significantly affected by the addition of different GAA levels in the diet. Creatinine levels in the blood at 42 and 63 days old were not significantly influenced by the treatments. The level of CK at 42 days old showed an increasing trend (P = 0.077) that occurred quadratically to the level of 0.085% of GAA inclusion, with no significant difference for this variable at 63 days old. The use of GAA did not promote improvements in performance or blood creatinine and CK levels in piglets in the nursery phase

Sources and digestible energy levels for boars from 60 up to 100 kg

Para se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes e níveis de energia digestível (ED) sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de suínos machos, foram conduzidos três experimentos. No experimento I foram utilizados 80 suínos machos inteiros dos 60 aos 100 kg de peso, que receberam rações formuladas com 16% de proteína bruta e suplementadas com duas fontes de lipídios (gordura de coco e óleo de soja) fornecendo quatro níveis de ED (3350, 3450, 3550 e 3650 kcal/kg de ração). As rações foram fornecidas á vontade durante todo o período experimental. Não houve efeito do nível de ED sobre o consumo de ração diário (CRD) e ganho de peso diário (GPD), no entanto, esses parâmetros foram influenciados pela fonte de energia, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a utilização da gordura de coco. A conversão alimentar, foi influenciada de forma quadrática pelos níveis de ED quando se utilizou a gordura de coco. Não se observou efeito do óleo de soja sobre a conversão alimentar. No experimento II, para se avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo foram utilizados animais de um grupo de 80 suínos machos inteiros, com peso inicial médio de 61,25 ± 2,95 kg, distribuídos em oito tratamentos, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, duas fontes lipídicas (gordura de coco e óleo de soja) e quatro níveis de energia digestível (3350, 3450, 3550 e 3650 kcal de energia digestível/kg de ração), com cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A fonte de lipídio não influenciou o diâmetro (DTE), comprimento (CTE), peso (PTE) e volume (VTE) aos 140 dias de idade, mas esses foram influenciados pelo nível de ED. A espessura de epitélio seminífero (EES) foi influenciada pelo nível de ED quando se utilizou rações contendo gordura de coco. O diâmetro de túbulos seminíferos (DTS) foi influenciado pela fonte e pelo nível de ED. O volume de túbulos seminíferos (VTS) e volume de espaço intertubular (VEI) foram influenciados pelo nível de ED quando a gordura de coco foi a fonte lipídica utilizada. Aos 200 dias de idade não se observou interação entre as fontes e os níveis de ED nem efeito dos níveis de ED sobre os parâmetros DTE, CTE, PTE, VTE, EES e DTS avaliados. A EES aumentou com o uso do óleo de soja. O VTS aumentou com o uso da gordura de coco. O VEI foi maior nos animais consumindo a ração contendo gordura de coco. Os níveis séricos de colesterol total e de triglicerídios foram influenciados pelos níveis de ED quando se utilizou gordura de coco. Os níveis sanguíneos de HDL e de LDL foram influenciados pela fonte de lipídio. Os níveis séricos de testosterona, não foram alterados pelos tratamentos. As características seminais avaliadas se mostraram dentro dos valores considerados normais, principalmente em se tratando de animais jovens, em início de puberdade. No experimento III foram utilizados 24 suínos para se determinar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de gordura de coco ( 2,24, 3,38, 4,53 e 5,67%) e de óleo de soja (2,45, 3,71, 4,97 e 6,22%), na digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia de rações para fase de terminação. O período experimental foi de 13 dias e os animais receberam as rações experimentais de acordo com o peso metabólico. Concluiu- se que a gordura de coco ao nível de 3568 kcal de ED proporcionou os melhores resultados de desempenho. A gordura de coco como fonte de ED proporcionou os maiores valores médios de DTS e EES e de HDL que o óleo de soja. O aumento dos níveis de energia digestível na dieta elevou os níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol total e de LDL no soro sangüíneo, com o uso da gordura de coco como fonte lipídica. Os parâmetros morfológicos seminais não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A adição de gordura de coco ou de óleo de soja às rações não aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade e de metabolizabilidade da energia nem a relação EM/ED das rações em função do aumento dos níveis de inclusão, mas os valores determinados foram sempre maiores que os calculados.Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect from different sources and levels of digestible energy (ED) on the productive and reproductive performance of boars. In experiment I, eighty 60-100 kg boars which were given rations formulated with 16% crude protein and supplemented with two lipid sources (coconut oil and soybean oil) supplying four levels of ED (3350, 3450, 3550 and 3650 kcal/kg ration). The rations were fed ad libitum over the whole experimental period. Although there was no effect of the ED levels on daily ration consumption (CRD) neither on daily weight gain (GPD), these parameters were affected by energy source; the best results were obtained with coconut oil. The feed:gain was influenced on a quadratic way by ED levels, when using the coconut oil. No effects of the soybean oil was observed on feed:gain. In experiment II, a number of animals initially weighing 61.25 ± 2.95 kg on the average, from a group of eighty boars, were used to evaluate their reproductive performance. The boars were distributed into eight treatments on 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two lipid sources (coconut oil and soybean oil) and four levels of digestible energy (3350, 3450, 3550 and 3650 kcal digestible energy /ration kg), with five replications and two animals per unit experiment. The lipid source had no influence on the diameter (DTE), length (CTE), weight (PTE) and volume (VTE) at 140 days of age. However, these variables were affected by ED level. The ED level influenced the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium (EES) when the rations containing coconut oil were used. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules (DTS) were influenced by the lipid source and ED level. Both volumes of the seminiferous tubules (VTS) and the intertubular space (VEI) were influenced by ED level, when the coconut oil was used as lipid source. When animals were 200-years old, no interaction was observed between the sources and ED levels and no effects of the ED levels on the evaluated parameters DTE, CTE, PTE, VTE, EES and DTS. The EES increased with the use of the soybean oil. VTS increased with the use of the coconut oil. VEI was greater in the animals consuming the ration containing coconut oil. The serum levels of the total cholesterol and the triglycerides were affected by ED levels, when using the coconut oil. The blood levels of the HDL and LDL were influenced by lipid source. treatments. The serum levels of testosterone were not altered by The evaluated seminal characteristics showed to be in the range of the normal values, mainly because the animals are young and at the beginning of puberty. In experiment III, 24 boars were used to determine the effect from the inclusion of increasing levels of coconut oil (2.24, 3.38, 4.53 and 5.67%) and the soybean oil (2.45, 3.71, 4.97 and 6.22%) on digestibility and metabolizability of the ration energy for the finishing phase. The experimental was carried out for 13 days and the animals were fed the experimental rations according to the metabolic weight. It was concluded that the coconut oil at the level of 3568 kcal ED provided the best performance results. The coconut oil as an ED source provided the highest average values for DTS and EES and HDL than the soybean oil. The increase of the digestible energy levels in diet increased the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and the LDL in the blood serum with the use of the coconut oil as lipid source. The morphologic seminal parameters were not influenced by treatments. The addition of either coconut oil or soybean oil to the rations did not increase the coefficients of the digestibility and the energy metabolizability neither the relationship EM/ED of the rations as a function of the increase in oil levels, although the determined values were always higher than the calculated ones.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTese importada do Alexandri

Neutral detergent fiber levels in diet of equines

Submitted by Franciele Moreira ([email protected]) on 2020-03-11T17:42:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Artigo - Auro César Braga - 2008.pdf: 52914 bytes, checksum: b3bbf97d9cd4c667899397fe19700c9f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2020-03-17T12:12:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Artigo - Auro César Braga - 2008.pdf: 52914 bytes, checksum: b3bbf97d9cd4c667899397fe19700c9f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-17T12:12:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Artigo - Auro César Braga - 2008.pdf: 52914 bytes, checksum: b3bbf97d9cd4c667899397fe19700c9f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos de dois níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da dieta (25 e 35%), provenientes de duas proporções de volumoso/concentrado (50:50 e 60:40), sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o pH fecal e os parâmetros sangüíneos de lactato, glicose, uréia, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina, visando estabelecer os níveis mínimos e seguros de fibra em dietas para eqüinos. Utilizaram-se cinco eqüinos sem raça definida, com 6 a 8 anos de idade e peso médio de 300 kg, alojados em gaiolas próprias para estudos de metabolismo. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de quadrado latino 5 × 5, composto de cinco tratamentos (dois níveis de FDN, 25 e 35%, duas relações volumoso:concentrado, 50:50 e 60:40, e uma dieta controle, com relação 50:50 volumoso:concentrado) e cinco períodos. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias (10 de adaptação e 5 de coleta de fezes e sangue e determinação do pH fecal). Os níveis de FDN utilizados neste experimento (25 e 35%) reduziram a digestibilidade dos componentes fibrosos (fração parede celular) da dieta, entretanto, não influenciaram os níveis sangüíneos de lactato, glicose, uréia, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina e o pH fecal. A dieta com 25% de FDN promoveu alteração no teor plasmático de fibrinogênio, portanto, pode aumentar a predisposição dos animais a quadros de laminite e cólica.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of two levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the diet (25 and 35%) from two forage to concentrate (50:50 and 60:40) ratio on nutrient digestibility, fecal pH and blood parameters as lactate, glucose, urea, creatinine, fibrinogen and alkaline phosphatase, to establish minimum and safe levels of fiber in equines diets. Five horses without defined race, with 6 to 8 years old and average 300 kg BW, were housing in metabolism cages. The animals were distributed to 5 × 5 Latin square design, composed of five diets (two levels of NDF, 25 and 35%, two forage to concentrate ratio, 50:50 and 60:40, and a control diet, with 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio, and five periods. Each period lasted 15 days (10 of adaptation and 5 for collection of feces and blood and pH fecal determination). Neutral detergent fiber levels (25 and 35%) reduced the fiber components digestibility (cell wall fraction) of the diet, however, did not influence the levels of blood parameters as lactate, glucose, urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase and fecal pH. Diet with 25% of NDF promoted change in fibrinogen plasma level, therefore, may increase the susceptibility of animals to colic and laminitis problems

GLICERINA BRUTA NAS RAÇÕES PARA LEITÕES NA FASE DE CRECHE

This study evaluated the inclusion of crude glycerin for piglets in the starter phase. In the performance assay, we used 80 barrows, with initial weight of 6.64 ± 0.8 kg. The experimental design was of randomized blocks and the treatments consisted in 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% of crude glycerin. There was a quadratic effect on final weight, average daily gain and feed intake, the maximum inclusion of crude glycerin was of 2.77%, for higher daily intake. For the ADG, the level of 2.76% of crude glycerin allowed the best gain and final weight, despite any effect on food conversion. There was a significant effect on the incidence of diarrhea (p=0.014) when 2% of crude glycerin was included in the diet. There was a linear decreasing effect on the percentage of GIT (p=0,006), small intestine (p=0,038), kidneys (p=0,089) and liver (p=0,037) of piglets that did not have glycerin in the diet. We observed a quadratic effect on the relative weight of the spleen and pancreas of piglets, the level of 2.73% of crude glycerin resulted in lower pancreas weight, and 3.04% of glycerin increased spleen weight. The level of 2.76% of crude glycerin promotes the highest weight gain for piglets in the nursery phase