Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-8 in healthy and inflamed dental pulps

After aggression to the dental pulp, some cells produce cytokines in order to start and control the inflammatory process. Among these cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1&#946;) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) emerge as important ones. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the location, distribution and concentration of these cytokines in healthy and inflamed dental pulps. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty pulps, obtained from healthy third molars (n=10) and from pulpectomies (n=10) were used for the study, with half of each group used for immunohistochemistry and half for protein extraction and ELISA assays. Fibroblasts obtained from healthy dental pulps, stimulated or not by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in order to simulate aggression on the cell cultures, were also used and analyzed by ELISA for IL-1&#946; and IL-8 as complementary information. Data obtained from immunohistochemistry were qualitatively analyzed. Data obtained from ELISA assays (tissue and cells) were statistically treated by the t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Immunohistochemically, it was observed that inflamed pulps were strongly stained for both cytokines in inflammatory cells, while healthy pulps were not immunolabeled. ELISA from tissues quantitatively confirmed the higher presence of both cytokines. Additionally, cultured pulp fibroblasts stimulated by LPS also produce more cytokines than the control cells. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that inflamed pulps present higher amounts of IL-1&#946; and IL-8 than healthy pulps and that pulp fibroblasts stimulated by bacterial LPS produce higher levels of IL-1&#946; and IL-8 than the control group.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundatio

Pedagogias da resistência e afirmação quilombola: interfaces entre licenciaturas em Educação do Campo e educação escolar quilombola

Este texto tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as interfaces entre a formação de educadoras/es do campo em nível superior autoidentificadas/os como quilombolas e a implementação da educação escolar quilombola. Para tal, tomamos a experiência das lutas em curso nas comunidades quilombolas de Ouro Verde de Minas, no Vale do Mucuri, Minas Gerais. A partir de uma pesquisa finalizada e outra em andamento, tem sido possível observar uma série de conquistas, mas também de desafios colocados na efetivação do direito a processos de escolarização que dialoguem com a realidade do povo quilombola e contribuam com a mudança positiva de sua realidade. Ainda que os povos quilombolas venham sendo acolhidos pelas Licenciaturas em Educação do Campo, a ausência de cursos específicos de formação para esses sujeitos é um desafio a ser considerado e superado, algo bastante difícil dentro do atual cenário político. Figuram como referencial teórico o pensamento decolonial e a educação popular, sendo conceitos importantes a colonialidade do poder e do saber e a educação bancária. A construção dos dados aqui apresentados foi feita a partir dos dados coletados em pesquisas realizadas sobre a educação escolar em Ouro Verde de Minas e nos relatos da experiência de formação de educadores quilombolas do campo em nível de graduação

Phred-Phrap package to analyses tools: a pipeline to facilitate population genetics re-sequencing studies

BACKGROUND: Targeted re-sequencing is one of the most powerful and widely used strategies for population genetics studies because it allows an unbiased screening for variation that is suitable for a wide variety of organisms. Examples of studies that require re-sequencing data are evolutionary inferences, epidemiological studies designed to capture rare polymorphisms responsible for complex traits and screenings for mutations in families and small populations with high incidences of specific genetic diseases. Despite the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, Sanger sequencing is still the most popular approach in population genetics studies because of the widespread availability of automatic sequencers based on capillary electrophoresis and because it is still less prone to sequencing errors, which is critical in population genetics studies. Two popular software applications for re-sequencing studies are Phred-Phrap-Consed-Polyphred, which performs base calling, alignment, graphical edition and genotype calling and DNAsp, which performs a set of population genetics analyses. These independent tools are the start and end points of basic analyses. In between the use of these tools, there is a set of basic but error-prone tasks to be performed with re-sequencing data. RESULTS: In order to assist with these intermediate tasks, we developed a pipeline that facilitates data handling typical of re-sequencing studies. Our pipeline: (1) consolidates different outputs produced by distinct Phred-Phrap-Consed contigs sharing a reference sequence; (2) checks for genotyping inconsistencies; (3) reformats genotyping data produced by Polyphred into a matrix of genotypes with individuals as rows and segregating sites as columns; (4) prepares input files for haplotype inferences using the popular software PHASE; and (5) handles PHASE output files that contain only polymorphic sites to reconstruct the inferred haplotypes including polymorphic and monomorphic sites as required by population genetics software for re-sequencing data such as DNAsp. CONCLUSION: We tested the pipeline in re-sequencing studies of haploid and diploid data in humans, plants, animals and microorganisms and observed that it allowed a substantial decrease in the time required for sequencing analyses, as well as being a more controlled process that eliminates several classes of error that may occur when handling datasets. The pipeline is also useful for investigators using other tools for sequencing and population genetics analyses

Opfermitverantwortung beim Betrug

Isolation of the peptide fraction P1-RPC-C18 by reverse-phase chromatography in a C4-column (RPC-C4) and mass spectrometry profile showing the peptide ions. (PDF 66 kb