A corpus-based study of 16th-century Slovene clitics and clitic-like elements

This paper undertakes a corpus-based linguistic investigation of the spelling variation in 16th century Slovene both from the diachronic and synchronic points of view. The investigation is based on a manually annotated sample (approx. 14,000 word tokens) from Primož Trubar’s Ta pervi deil tiga Noviga teſtamenta, 1557, and Hiſhna poſtilla, 1595, and Jurij Juričič’s Poſtilla, 1578, and it concentrates on clitics and clitic-like elements. Statistical analysis, based on comparison of the spelling conventions of the early modern period to those of contemporary Slovene using normalised forms of the originals, where we observe cases where one orthographic word is nowadays written as two or more words (1–n mapping) or vice-versa (n–1 mapping), shows that the overall percentage of split and joined word tokens is 5.7%, with JPo 1578 having the highest percentage, and TPo 1595 the lowest, less than half of that of JPo 1578. Of these, the vast majority is for cases where a word is now split. The most predominant among the bound words are non-syllable prepositions v ‘in(to)’, k ‘to’, and z ‘with’, followed by negative proclitic ne ‘not’, enclitic particle li ‘whether, if’ and in rare instances conditional particle bi, reflexive particle se, na ‘on’, ob ‘at, by’, pri ‘at, beside’ and za ‘for, behind’ (the absolute numbers of specific clitics partially correlate with the prevalence of bound variants in comparison with the freestanding variants of those clitics, with the most frequent being predominantly bound while the least frequent are predominantly freestanding). Individual instances of two accented words written together can be attributed to German influence (figino_drevo, der Pfeigenbaum ‘fig tree’). The cases where one modernised word correlates to two original words are, with the exception of superlative adjective/adverb prefix naj-/nar- ‘the most’ that is orthographically bound with its root in about 25% of instances, sporadic or can be identified as errors in the original books. Of interest are also cases when beginnings of words that are homonymous with non- or one syllable prepositions are separated from the remainder of the word with an apostrophe (eg. s’_nameinja ‘signs’, s’_derſhati ‘to endure’, do_bruta ‘goodness’, sa_doſti ‘enough’). The normalisation also enables the identification of the orthographical variants of the most commonly bound clitics, i. e. non-syllable prepositions k, z and v. K and its allomorph /h/ have 5 attested spelling variants, of which one is limited to hosts starting with a v-. For z with a voiced allomorph /z/ and voiceless allomorph /s/ three variant spellings were discovered that only partially correspond with a voiceless/voiced distinction of the initial sound of the host word, and the cases of merging with the host that begins with s-/z- were identified. Additional positional spellings probably represent other allomorphs: for palatalized /ž/ in front of a palatal ń and , >ſo/so> for syllabified /za/, /zo/. The preposition v shows the highest degree of orthographical variation of all analysed words as it has 10 different spellings: general bound and and freestanding ; , and in front of a vowel; and attested only in front of a v-, as well as and merged with the initial v- of the host. The analysis of spelling variation in non-syllable prepositions showed that even a relatively limited hand-corrected annotated sample enabled identification of majority of spelling variants identified in previous works, while with the use of noSketch Engine tool further information about their relative frequency and distribution was obtained. As the hand-corrected corpus is expanded such research will yield even more relevant information for the study of the 16th century Slovene literary language that will significantly supplement existing findings (based on traditionally collected examples) with the help of a large amount of statistically relevant data

Echocardiographic analysis of dogs before and after surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

Brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) are a valuable animal model for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in humans. Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction improve after surgical treatment of BOAS, but the impact of surgery on morphology and function of the heart has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare the echocardiographic variables of dogs before and after surgical treatment of BOAS. We included 18 client-owned dogs with BOAS (7 French Bulldogs, 6 Boston Terriers, and 5 Pugs) scheduled for surgical correction. We performed a complete echocardiographic examination before and 6 to 12 (median 9) months after surgery. Seven non-brachycephalic dogs were included in the control group. After surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) larger left atrium to aortic ratio (LA/Ao), left atrium in the long axis index, and thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall in diastole index. They also had a higher late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Am) and increased global right ventricular strain and left ventricular global strain in the apical 4-chamber view, as well as a higher caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI). Before surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly lower CVCCI, Am, peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Si), and early diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Ei) compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. After surgery, BOAS patients had a smaller right ventricular internal diameter at base index, right ventricular area in systole index, mitral annular plane systolic excursion index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, as well as lower values of Am, Si, Ei, and late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum, and a larger LA/Ao compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. Significant differences between BOAS patients and non-brachycephalic dogs indicate higher right heart pressures and decreased systolic and diastolic ventricular function in BOAS dogs, which is in accordance with the results of studies in OSA patients. In parallel with the marked clinical improvement, right heart pressures decreased, and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function improved after surgery

The effect of the surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome on the thermoregulatory response to exercise in French bulldogs: a pilot study

IntroductionDue to altered anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, brachycephalic dogs exhibit increased airway resistance and reduced surface area for evaporative heat loss, predisposing them to respiratory and thermoregulatory problems, a syndrome referred to as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Compared to non-brachycephalic dogs, brachycephalic breeds are more susceptible to heat-related injuries even at low ambient temperatures and relatively low physical activity levels. Surgical treatment alleviates clinical signs, potentially improving dogs’ thermoregulatory ability with BOAS. Our study aimed to investigate the thermoregulatory response in French bulldogs before and after the surgical correction of BOAS, respectively.MethodsThirteen dogs were exposed to dynamic exercise on a treadmill and the dynamics of their rectal temperature (RT) and heart rate (HR) was measured. The experiment was performed in two independent sessions, before and after the surgical treatment. The test consisted of two consecutive 5-min walks at a speed of 2.5 km/h, first at an inclination of 0% and the second at an inclination of 5%, and a 30-min recovery period. Rectal temperature and HR were measured before the start of the test (t0), at the end of the first (t1) and the second part (t2), and 15 min (t3) and 30 min (t4) in the recovery.ResultsA significant increase in RT and HR was observed during exercise and recovery compared to the resting values, implying that the exercise intensity was sufficient to challenge the thermoregulatory response. The increase of RT was significantly lower during both parts (t1: p  = 0.004; t2: p  <  0.001) of exercise after the surgical treatment than before the treatment. Although a trend of lower RT after recovery was observed compared to before the surgery, it did not reach statistical significance. Similarly to RT, the HR was significantly lower during exercise after the first (p  =  0.020) and the second part (p  =  0.011) of exercise after the surgery compared to before the surgery but did not reach significance in the recovery.ConclusionSurgical treatment of BOAS can improve thermoregulation during exercise in French bulldogs with BOAS

How Can We Advance Integrative Biology Research in Animal Science in 21st Century?:Experience at University of Ljubljana from 2002 to 2022

In this perspective analysis, we strive to answer the following question: how can we advance integrative biology research in the 21st century with lessons from animal science? At the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, we share here our three lessons learned in the two decades from 2002 to 2022 that we believe could inform integrative biology, systems science, and animal science scholarship in other countries and geographies. Cultivating multiomics knowledge through a conceptual lens of integrative biology is crucial for life sciences research that can stand the test of diverse biological, clinical, and ecological contexts. Moreover, in an era of the current COVID-19 pandemic, animal nutrition and animal science, and the study of their interactions with human health (and vice versa) through integrative biology approaches hold enormous prospects and significance for systems medicine and ecosystem health

Korpusna analiza klitik in njim podobnih elementov v slovenskem knjižnem jeziku 16. stoletja

This paper undertakes a corpus-based linguistic investigation of the spelling variation in 16th century Slovene both from the diachronic and synchronic points of view. The investigation is based on a manually annotated sample (approx. 14,000 word tokens) from Primož Trubar’s Ta pervi deil tiga Noviga teſtamenta, 1557, and Hiſhna poſtilla, 1595, and Jurij Juričič’s Poſtilla, 1578, and it concentrates on clitics and clitic-like elements. Statistical analysis, based on comparison of the spelling conventions of the early modern period to those of contemporary Slovene using normalised forms of the originals, where we observe cases where one orthographic word is nowadays written as two or more words (1–n mapping) or vice-versa (n–1 mapping), shows that the overall percentage of split and joined word tokens is 5.7%, with JPo 1578 having the highest percentage, and TPo 1595 the lowest, less than half of that of JPo 1578. Of these, the vast majority is for cases where a word is now split. The most predominant among the bound words are non-syllable prepositions v ‘in(to)’, k ‘to’, and z ‘with’, followed by negative proclitic ne ‘not’, enclitic particle li ‘whether, if’ and in rare instances conditional particle bi, reflexive particle se, na ‘on’, ob ‘at, by’, pri ‘at, beside’ and za ‘for, behind’ (the absolute numbers of specific clitics partially correlate with the prevalence of bound variants in comparison with the freestanding variants of those clitics, with the most frequent being predominantly bound while the least frequent are predominantly freestanding). Individual instances of two accented words written together can be attributed to German influence (figino_drevo, der Pfeigenbaum ‘fig tree’).The cases where one modernised word correlates to two original words are, with the exception of superlative adjective/adverb prefix naj-/nar- ‘the most’ that is orthographically bound with its root in about 25% of instances, sporadic or can be identified as errors in the original books. Of interest are also cases when beginnings of words that are homonymous with non- or one syllable prepositions are separated from the remainder of the word with an apostrophe (eg. s’_nameinja ‘signs’, s’_derſhati ‘to endure’, do_bruta ‘goodness’, sa_doſti ‘enough’). The normalisation also enables the identification of the orthographical variants of the most commonly bound clitics, i. e. non-syllable prepositions k, z and v. K and its allomorph /h/ have 5 attested spelling variants, of which one <q_> is limited to hosts starting with a v-. For z with a voiced allomorph /z/ and voiceless allomorph /s/ three variant spellings were discovered that only partially correspond with a voiceless/voiced distinction of the initial sound of the host word, and the cases of merging with the host that begins with s-/z- were identified. Additional positional spellings probably represent other allomorphs: <sh/ſh/s’h> for palatalized /ž/ in front of a palatal ń and <ſa>, >ſo/so> for syllabified /za/, /zo/. The preposition v shows the highest degree of orthographical variation of all analysed words as it has 10 different spellings: general bound <v_> and <u_> and freestanding <v’_>; <uv_>, <uv’_> and <u’_v> in front of a vowel; <u’_> and <va_> attested only in front of a v-, as well as <v_> and <v’> merged with the initial v- of the host.The analysis of spelling variation in non-syllable prepositions showed that even a relatively limited hand-corrected annotated sample enabled identification of majority of spelling variants identified in previous works, while with the use of noSketch Engine tool further information about their relative frequency and distribution was obtained. As the hand-corrected corpus is expanded such research will yield even more relevant information for the study of the 16th century Slovene literary language that will significantly supplement existing findings (based on traditionally collected examples) with the help of a large amount of statistically relevant data.V prispevku je predstavljena korpusna obravnava pisne variantnosti v slovenskem knjižnem jeziku 16. stoletja tako s sinhronega kot z diahronega vidika. Raziskava temelji na ročno pregledanem vzorcu (okoli 14.000 besednih enot) iz Trubarjevih del Ta pervi deil tiga Noviga teſtamenta, 1557, in Hiſhna poſtilla, 1595, in Juričičeve Poſtille, 1578, ter se osredotoča na klitike in njim podobne elemente. Statistična analiza zapisa skupaj in narazen na podlagi primerjave pisnih konvencij 16. stoletja in sodobne pisne rabe s pomočjo normaliziranih oblik izvirnih besed, tj. primerov, ko eni (ortografski) besedi iz 16. stoletja ustrezata dve ali več sodobnih besed (preslikava 1–n) in obratno (preslikava n–1), je pokazala, da je tovrstnih primerov v korpusu 5,7 odstotka pojavitev, pri čemer so najpogostejše v JPo 1578 in najredkejše v TPo 1595, kjer jih je več kot enkrat manj kot pri Juričiču. V večini primerov gre za izvirno eno besedo, ki se v normalizirani obliki zapisuje kot dve besedi. Med besedami, ki so v izvirniku zapisane skupaj z gostiteljem, prevladujejo nezložni predlogi v, k in z, sledi jim členica ne, členek li in redkeje bi, se ter predlogi na, ob, pri in za (pri tem je njihova absolutna pogostnost večinoma premo sorazmerna z njihovo relativno pogostnostjo v primerjavi z njihovimi samostojno stoječimi variantami – najpogostejše so tudi prevladujoče zapisane skupaj z gostiteljem, pri redkejših pa prevladuje ločeni zapis). Posamezni primeri, ko sta združeno zapisani dve naglašeni besedi, so verjetno posledica vpliva nemških zloženk. Zgledi, ko eni sodobni besedi ustrezata dve besedi v izvirniku, se pojavljajo sporadično – z izjemo presežniške prepone naj-/nar-, ki je v vzorcu zapisana združeno s pridevnikom/prislovom v okoli četrtini primerov – oziroma jih lahko označimo kot tiskovne napake ali napake v prepisu. Zanimivi so primeri, ko so vzglasni soglasniki homonimni z ne- ali enozložnimi predlogi in ločeni od preostanka besede z apostrofom (npr. s’_nameinja, s’_derſhati, do_bruta, sa_doſti). Normalizacija omogoča tudi ugotavljanje pisnih različic najpogostejših naslonk, ki se pisno povezujejo z naglašeno besedo, to je nezložnih predlogov k, z in v. K in njegov alomorf /h/ imata v korpusu izpričanih 5 pisnih variant, od katerih se <q_> pojavlja le pred besedami, ki se začnejo na v-. Z zvenečim alomorfom /z/ in nezvenečim alomorfom /s/ ima v osnovi tri pisne različice, katerih razvrstitev se le delno ujema z (ne)zvenečnostjo prvega glasu sledeče besede, pojavljajo pa se tudi primeri pisnega zlivanja predloga s sledečo besedo, ki se začne s s-/z-. Druge pisne različice verjetno predstavljajo dodatne položajno vezane alomorfe: <sh/ſh/s’h> za mehčani /ž/ pred palatalnim ń in <ſa>, <ſo/so> za ozloženo različico /za/, /zo/. Predlog v izkazuje največjo mero pisne variantnosti med navedenimi predlogi, saj ima kar 10 pisnih različic: splošni stično zapisani <v_> in <u_> in <v’_>, ki je v korpusu obravnavana kot nestična; <uv_>, <uv’_> in <u’_v> pred samoglasnikom; <u’_> in <va_>, ki se pojavljata samo pred v-; poleg tega pa še <v_> and <v’>, ki se pisno zlijeta z vzglasnim v- sledeče besede.Analiza pisne variantnosti pri nezložnih predlogih je pokazala, da že relativno omejen ročno pregledan normaliziran korpus omogoča identificiranje večine pisnih različic, ki so navedene v obstoječi literaturi, uporaba programskega orodja noSketch Engine pa omogoča pridobivanje dodatnih podatkov o njihovi relativni pogostnosti in položajnih omejitvah. Z razširitvijo ročno pregledanega korpusa bodo tovrstne raziskave lahko prispevale pomembne in statistično relevantne podatke o sistemu slovenskega knjižnega jezika 16. stoletja, s katerimi se bodo dopolnjevale dosedanje ugotovitve, v glavnem temelječe na paberkovalnem izpisovanju primerov

Korpusna analiza klitik in njim podobnih elementov v slovenskem knjižnem jeziku 16. stoletja

V prispevku je predstavljena korpusna obravnava pisne variantnosti v slovenskem knjižnem jeziku 16. stoletja tako s sinhronega kot z diahronega vidika. Raziskava temelji na ročno pregledanem vzorcu (okoli 14.000 besednih enot) iz Trubarjevih del Ta pervi deil tiga Noviga teſtamenta, 1557, in Hiſhna poſtilla, 1595, in Juričičeve Poſtille, 1578, ter se osredotoča na klitike in njim podobne elemente. Statistična analiza zapisa skupaj in narazen na podlagi primerjave pisnih konvencij 16. stoletja in sodobne pisne rabe s pomočjo normaliziranih oblik izvirnih besed, tj. primerov, ko eni (ortografski) besedi iz 16. stoletja ustrezata dve ali več sodobnih besed (preslikava 1–n) in obratno (preslikava n–1), je pokazala, da je tovrstnih primerov v korpusu 5,7 odstotka pojavitev, pri čemer so najpogostejše v JPo 1578 in najredkejše v TPo 1595, kjer jih je več kot enkrat manj kot pri Juričiču. V večini primerov gre za izvirno eno besedo, ki se v normalizirani obliki zapisuje kot dve besedi. Med besedami, ki so v izvirniku zapisane skupaj z gostiteljem, prevladujejo nezložni predlogi v, k in z, sledi jim členica ne, členek li in redkeje bi, se ter predlogi na, ob, pri in za (pri tem je njihova absolutna pogostnost večinoma premo sorazmerna z njihovo relativno pogostnostjo v primerjavi z njihovimi samostojno stoječimi variantami – najpogostejše so tudi prevladujoče zapisane skupaj z gostiteljem, pri redkejših pa prevladuje ločeni zapis). Posamezni primeri, ko sta združeno zapisani dve naglašeni besedi, so verjetno posledica vpliva nemških zloženk.  Zgledi, ko eni sodobni besedi ustrezata dve besedi v izvirniku, se pojavljajo sporadično – z izjemo presežniške prepone naj-/nar-, ki je v vzorcu zapisana združeno s pridevnikom/prislovom v okoli četrtini primerov – oziroma jih lahko označimo kot tiskovne napake ali napake v prepisu. Zanimivi so primeri, ko so vzglasni soglasniki homonimni z ne- ali enozložnimi predlogi in ločeni od preostanka besede z apostrofom (npr. s’_nameinja, s’_derſhati, do_bruta, sa_doſti). Normalizacija omogoča tudi ugotavljanje pisnih različic najpogostejših naslonk, ki se pisno povezujejo z naglašeno besedo, to je nezložnih predlogov k, z in v. K in njegov alomorf /h/ imata v korpusu izpričanih 5 pisnih variant, od katerih se pojavlja le pred besedami, ki se začnejo na v-. Z zvenečim alomorfom /z/ in nezvenečim alomorfom /s/ ima v osnovi tri pisne različice, katerih razvrstitev se le delno ujema z (ne)zvenečnostjo prvega glasu sledeče besede, pojavljajo pa se tudi primeri pisnega zlivanja predloga s sledečo besedo, ki se začne s s-/z-. Druge pisne različice verjetno predstavljajo dodatne položajno vezane alomorfe: za mehčani /ž/ pred palatalnim ń in , za ozloženo različico /za/, /zo/. Predlog v izkazuje največjo mero pisne variantnosti med navedenimi predlogi, saj ima kar 10 pisnih različic: splošni stično zapisani in in , ki je v korpusu obravnavana kot nestična; , in pred samoglasnikom; in , ki se pojavljata samo pred v-; poleg tega pa še and , ki se pisno zlijeta z vzglasnim v- sledeče besede. Analiza pisne variantnosti pri nezložnih predlogih je pokazala, da že relativno omejen ročno pregledan normaliziran korpus omogoča identificiranje večine pisnih različic, ki so navedene v obstoječi literaturi, uporaba programskega orodja noSketch Engine pa omogoča pridobivanje dodatnih podatkov o njihovi relativni pogostnosti in položajnih omejitvah. Z razširitvijo ročno pregledanega korpusa bodo tovrstne raziskave lahko prispevale pomembne in statistično relevantne podatke o sistemu slovenskega knjižnega jezika 16. stoletja, s katerimi se bodo dopolnjevale dosedanje ugotovitve, v glavnem temelječe na paberkovalnem izpisovanju primerov

Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome before and after surgery

Abstract Introduction: Canine brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is a conformation-related respiratory disorder of dog breeds having congenitally flattened facial and skull anatomy. The aim of the study was to determine oxidative stress parameters, the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase in BOAS patients before and after surgical treatment and in healthy brachycephalic dogs. Material and Methods: Nine healthy brachycephalic dogs that had not undergone surgery and 39 BOAS patients were included in the study. The BOAS patients were classified as grade 1 (5/34), grade 2 (16/34), and grade 3 (13/34) based on the decrease in the radius of the airway in the larynx. In BOAS patients, oxidative stress parameters were determined before and two weeks after surgery, while in control dogs, blood samples were collected only on inclusion to the study. Results: All BOAS patients showed various degrees of improvement in clinical signs after surgery. Significantly lower (P < 0.05) SOD activity was found in grade 2 and 3 BOAS patients than in grade 1 patients. Two weeks after surgery, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in SOD activity in grade 2 and 3 patients was observed. Conclusion: Antioxidant enzyme SOD may play an important role in BOAS and can be used as a biomarker of antioxidant status assessment in BOAS patients

The effect of two acute bouts of exercise on oxidative stress, hematological, and biochemical parameters, and rectal temperature in trained canicross dogs

Canicross is a sport discipline that connects human and canine athletes in running. Changes in physiological, hematological, and biochemical parameters, and exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been thoroughly characterized in canicross dogs. The aim of our study was the assessment of the health status of trained canicross dogs that were subjected to two acute bouts of exercise with their owners during the training season. Health status was assessed by measuring the rectal temperature, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as blood oxidative stress parameters (plasma malondialdehyde, lipid peroxidation markerwhole blood glutathione peroxidase and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase1, antioxidant enzymes) before and during a two-day canicross training session and after a 24-h rest period. Seven trained canicross dogs (three females/four males) aged 12–120 months were included in the study. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the first acute bout of exercise (day 1), after the second acute bout of exercise (day 2), and after 24 h of rest (day 3). Rectal temperature was measured at the same time as blood sample collection. The majority of hematological and biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges at all sampling times. Rectal temperature was significantly higher after training on days 1 and 2 compared to resting temperature on day 3. Hematological parameters did not change significantlyhowever, there were significant differences in urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, and triglycerides between specific sampling times. Despite significant changes, these biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges. Significant changes in biochemical parameters seem to reflect the dogs\u27 physiological response to each acute bout of exercise, considering all biochemical parameters and rectal temperature returned to pre-exercise values after a 24-h rest period (day 3). No significant differences in oxidative stress parameters were found between any sampling times. Relatively high erythrocyte superoxide dismutase1 activity at all sampling times may indicate that the canicross dogs are adapted to training by an increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. Based on our results, we can conclude that the trained canicross dogs included in our study were healthy, in good physical condition, and fit for the two acute bouts of field exercise

Določanje anevploidij z metodo pomnoževanja od ligacije odvisnih prob v fetalnih tkivih splavkov

Purpose: About 10-15% of all pregnancies terminate as spontaneous miscarriages. In the first trimester, 50% of spontaneous miscarriages are the result of chromosomal aberrations, mostly chromosomal aneuploidies. Cytogenetic analyses are used to confirm aneuploidy in failed pregnancies. Culture failure or poor quality chromosomes are often problems in those cases. In such situations, methods that are independent of tissue culture areused, and we employed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We determined if MLPA is an appropriate and compatible method compared with classical cytogenetic analyses on fetal tissues. Methods: All fetal samples received from spontaneous abortions were cultured, karyotyped (if possible) and genomic DNA extracted. MLPA analyses were undertaken using subtelomeric probe kits. Additionally, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to confirm aneuploidy detected by MLPA in cases of failed culture growth. Results: MLPA analyses confirmed an unbalanced chromosome abnormality identified by cytogenetic analyses in all cases in which tissue culture was successful, and provided data in cases of failed culture growth. Several common numeric chromosome aberrations were detected, as well as rare trisomies and other unbalanced chromosome rearrangements. Conclusions: MLPA analyses can provide information about the karyotype of a DNA sample if cytogenetic analyses are not possible because of a lack of viable cells or if only a small amount of genomic DNA is available. These data indicate that MLPA may also be a very useful method for early prenatal aneuploidy screening.Namen: Spontani splavi se pojavljajo v približno 10-15% prepoznavnih nosečnosti. V prvem trimesečju je približno 50% splavov posledica kromosomskih napak, v večini primerov so to kromosomske anevploidije. Klasična metoda določanja anevploidij je citogenetska analiza. Citogenetska analiza zgodnjih spontanih splavov je težavna zaradi pogoste odsotnosti celične rasti ali slabe kvalitete kromosomov. V teh primerih se poslužujemo drugih metod, neodvisnih od rasti celične kulture. V študiji smo uporabili metodo pomnoževanja od ligacije odvisnih prob (MLPA). V primerjavi s klasično citogenetsko analizo smo na vzorcu embrionalnih tkiv potrdili ustreznost in kompatibilnost metode. Metode: Vsi vzorci embrionalnih tkiv po spontanih splavih so bili kultivirani, kariotipizirani, prav tako je bila izolirana genomska DNA. Za MLPA analizo smo uporabili komercialne komplete s subtelomerno specifičnimi DNA sondami. V primeru odsotnosti celične rasti so bile anevploidije ugotovljene z MLPA analizo, potrjene s primerjalno genomsko hibridizacijo (PGH). Rezultati: MLPA analiza je potrdila neuravnotežene kromosomske nepravilnosti, ugotovljene s citogenetsko analizo pri vseh vzorcih, kjer je bila uspešna celična rast, in hkrati omogočila analizo v primerih, kjer celična rast ni bila uspešna. Ugotovljene so bile mnoge številčne kromosomske spremembe, redke trisomije in druge neuravnotežene kromosomske preureditve. Zaključek: MLPA analiza omogoča pridobitev informacij o številu kromosomov v primerih, ko citogenetska analiza ni možna zaradi odsotnosti celične rasti ali slabe kvalitete kromosomov. Iz dobljenih rezultatov ugotavljamo, da je MLPA potencialno tudi zelo uporabna metoda za hitro in kvalitetno prenatalno diagnostiko