Exploration for Triatoma virus (TrV) infection in laboratory-reared triatomines of Latin America: a collaborative study

Triatoma virus (TrV) is a small, non-enveloped virus that has a +ssRNA genome and is currently classified under the Cripavirus genus of the Dicistroviridae family. TrV infects haematophagous triatomine insects (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), which are vectors of American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). TrV can be transmitted through the horizontal fecal-oral route, and its infection causes either deleterious sublethal effects or even death of laboratory insect colonies. Various species of triatomines from different regions of Latin America are currently being reared in research laboratories, with little or no awareness of the presence of TrV; therefore, any biological conclusion drawn from experiments on insects infected with this virus is inherently affected by the side effects of its infection. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to estimate the sample size required for detecting a TrV infection. We applied this model to screen the infection in feces of triatomines belonging to insectaries from 13 Latin American countries, carrying out the identification of TrV by using reverse transcriptase PCR. TrV was detected in samples coming from Argentina, which is the country where several years ago the virus was first isolated from Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Interestingly, several colonies from Brazil were also found infected with the virus. This positive result widens the TrV?s host range to a total of 14 triatomine species. Our findings suggest that many triatomine species distributed over a large region of South America may be naturally infected with TrV.Fil: Marti, Gerardo Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Echeverria, Maria Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Microbiología. Cátedra de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Susevich, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Ceccarelli, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Balsalobre, Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Canale, Delmi Margarita. Centro de Referencia de Vectores, Coordinación Nacional de Control de Vectores, Pabellón Rawson-Hospital Colonia; ArgentinaFil: Stariolo, Raúl Luis. Centro de Referencia de Vectores, Coordinación Nacional de Control de Vectores, Pabellón Rawson-Hospital Colonia; ArgentinaFil: Guérin, Diego M. A.. Universidad del País Vasco; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; España. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: González Cifuentes, Nadia L.. Universidad de Los Andes; ColombiaFil: Guhl, Felipe. Universidad de Los Andes; ColombiaFil: Bacigalupo, Antonella. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Cattan, Pedro E.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Garcıa, Alejandro. Secretaria Regional Ministerial de Salud de Coquimbo; ChileFil: Villacis, Anita G.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Grijalva, Mario J.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador; Ecuador. Ohio University; Estados UnidosFil: Solorzano, Elizabeth. Universidad de San Carlos; GuatemalaFil: Monroy, Carlota. Universidad de San Carlos; GuatemalaFil: Espinoza Blanco, Yrma. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; PerúFil: Cordova Benzaquen, Eleazar. Universidad Nacional San Agustín de Arequipa; PerúFil: Ruelas llerena, Nancy. Universidad Nacional San Agustín de Arequipa; PerúFil: Guzmán loayza, Miriam. Dirección Regional de Salud Moquegua; PerúFil: Caceres, Abraham G.. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; PerúFil: Vences Blanco, Mauro O.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Salazar Schettino, Paz María. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Martínez Martínez, Ignacio. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Espinoza Gutiérrez, Bertha. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Mojoli, Andrés. Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica. Asunción; ParaguayFil: Rojas de Arias, Antonieta. Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica. Asunción; ParaguayFil: Feliciangeli, M. Dora. Universidad de Carabobo Maracay; VenezuelaFil: Rivera Mendoza, Pedro. Fundación para el Desarrollo; NicaraguaFil: Rozas Dennis, Gabriela Susana. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Eugenia, Rubén. Unidad de Biofísica; EspañaFil: Aguirre, Jon. Unidad de Biofísica; España. Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia; EspañaFil: Viguera, Ana R.. Unidad de Biofísica; EspañaFil: Hernádez Suárez, Carlos M.. Universidad de Colima; México. Unidad Monterrey; MéxicoFil: Vilchez, Susana. Universidad de Granada; EspañaFil: Osuna, Antonio. Universidad de Granada; EspañaFil: Gorla, David Eladio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de la Rioja. - Secretaria de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Mougabure Cueto, Gastón Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación de Plagas e Insecticidas; ArgentinaFil: Esteban, Lidia. Universidad Industrial Santander; ColombiaFil: Angulo, Vıctor M.. Universidad Industrial Santander; ColombiaFil: Querido, Jailson F. B. Unidad de Biofísica; España. Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia; España. Universidad Nova de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Silva, Marcelo S.. Universidad Nova de Lisboa; PortugalFil: Marques, Tatiane. Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro; BrasilFil: Anhe, Ana Carolina B. M.. Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro; BrasilFil: Gomez Hernandez, Cesar. Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro; BrasilFil: Ramirez, Luis E.. Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro; BrasilFil: Rabinovich, Jorge Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Diotaiuti, Liléia. Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou-FIOCRUZ; BrasilFil: Guerin Aguilar , Diego Marcelo. Universidad del País Vasco; España. Unidad de Biofísica; España. Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia; Españ

Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2

The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015–2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research