An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Fil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Pinos Rodríguez, J. Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas; MéxicoFil: Mattioli, Guillermo Alberto. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Gastrointestinal hormones, their role on animal production. A review

Las hormonas gastrointestinales, sumadas a la insulina, regulan el metabolismo energético y el consumo de alimentos, por lo cual han recibido mucha atención en estudios de nutrición humana. Sin embargo, la información disponible es limitada y en algunos casos hasta contradictoria en rumiantes. El presente trabajo revisa esta información, haciendo hincapié en los efectos de cada hormona y en su asociación con la dieta. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes la insulina, la colecistoquinina y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 se asocian con una disminución del consumo, mientras que la ghrelina lo aumentaría. Por otro lado el  polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 podrían disminuir la lipólisis y aumentar la lipogénesis. La compresión del rol de estas hormonas en el metabolismo y su regulación a través de la nutrición son factores importantes a tener en cuenta en la nutrición de rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones, plus insulin, regulate energy metabolism and dry matter intake, for that reason the have received a lot of intrerest in studies in human nutrition. However, there is little information in ruminants and sometimes the data is contradictory. The present manuscript reviews what is known in ruminants, emphasizing the effects of each hormone and their association with the diet. Evidence in ruminants suggests that insulin, cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 are associated with a decrease in dry matter intake, while ghrelin increases it. The hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and lucagon-like peptide 1 may decrease lipolysis and increase lipogenesis in ruminant adipose tissue. Therefore, the understanding of the role of these hormones on metabolism and the manipulation of their concentration through nutrition are important factors to consider in ruminant nutrition.Instituto de Genética VeterinariaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Gastrointestinal hormones, their role on animal production. A review

Las hormonas gastrointestinales, sumadas a la insulina, regulan el metabolismo energético y el consumo de alimentos, por lo cual han recibido mucha atención en estudios de nutrición humana. Sin embargo, la información disponible es limitada y en algunos casos hasta contradictoria en rumiantes. El presente trabajo revisa esta información, haciendo hincapié en los efectos de cada hormona y en su asociación con la dieta. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes la insulina, la colecistoquinina y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 se asocian con una disminución del consumo, mientras que la ghrelina lo aumentaría. Por otro lado el  polipéptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa y el péptido similar al glucagón 1 podrían disminuir la lipólisis y aumentar la lipogénesis. La compresión del rol de estas hormonas en el metabolismo y su regulación a través de la nutrición son factores importantes a tener en cuenta en la nutrición de rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones, plus insulin, regulate energy metabolism and dry matter intake, for that reason the have received a lot of intrerest in studies in human nutrition. However, there is little information in ruminants and sometimes the data is contradictory. The present manuscript reviews what is known in ruminants, emphasizing the effects of each hormone and their association with the diet. Evidence in ruminants suggests that insulin, cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 are associated with a decrease in dry matter intake, while ghrelin increases it. The hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and lucagon-like peptide 1 may decrease lipolysis and increase lipogenesis in ruminant adipose tissue. Therefore, the understanding of the role of these hormones on metabolism and the manipulation of their concentration through nutrition are important factors to consider in ruminant nutrition.Instituto de Genética VeterinariaFacultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Efeito do tempo de gestação em expressão de arnm de transportadores de ácidos graxos mRNA em placenta bovinos

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of time of gestation on fatty acid transporter mRNA expression in maternal and fetal bovine placenta. Placentas from twelve cows at different thirds of gestation (n=4 per third) were sampled at slaughter to measure FATP-1, FATP-4, FABP-1 mRNA concentration in maternal (caruncles) and fetal (cotyledons) side. Once the placenta was removed, 1cm2 was dissected and, divided into caruncles and cotyledons, stored in sterile tubes, dropped into liquid nitrogen and kept at -80° C until rtPCR analysis. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, using the mixed procedure (SAS 9.3) with repeated measurements on space. Time of gestation, side of the placenta and their interaction were fixed factors, whereas animal was a random factor. There was a time by treatment interaction (P 0.1). We conclude that FATP-1 might play an important role in fatty acid transport during early fetal development.Fil: Desantadina, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Quintana, Silvina. Laboratorio Bioquímico Fares Taie; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Recavarren, Mariana Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Laboratorio Bioquímico Fares Taie; ArgentinaFil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentin

Efeito do tempo de gestação em expressão de arnm de transportadores de ácidos graxos mRNA em placenta bovinos

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of time of gestation on fatty acid transporter mRNA expression in maternal and fetal bovine placenta. Placentas from twelve cows at different thirds of gestation (n=4 per third) were sampled at slaughter to measure FATP-1, FATP-4, FABP-1 mRNA concentration in maternal (caruncles) and fetal (cotyledons) side. Once the placenta was removed, 1cm2 was dissected and, divided into caruncles and cotyledons, stored in sterile tubes, dropped into liquid nitrogen and kept at -80° C until rtPCR analysis. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, using the mixed procedure (SAS 9.3) with repeated measurements on space. Time of gestation, side of the placenta and their interaction were fixed factors, whereas animal was a random factor. There was a time by treatment interaction (P 0.1). We conclude that FATP-1 might play an important role in fatty acid transport during early fetal development.O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de gestação na expressão de mRNA de transportador de ácidos graxos em placenta bovina materna e fetal. Foram colhidas amostras de placentas de 12 vacas em diferentes terços da gestação (n = 4 por terço) no abatedouro para medir a expressão de mRNA de FATP-1, FATP-4, FABP-1 no lado materno (carúnculos) e fetal (cotilédones). Uma vez que a placenta foi removida, 1 cm2 foi dissecado e, dividido em carúnculos e cotilédones, armazenado em tubos estéreis, caiu em nitrogenio líquido e mantido a -80 ° C até a análise rtPCR. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3 x 2, utilizando o procedimento misto (SAS 9.3) com medidas repetidas no espaço. O tempo de gestação, o lado da placenta e sua interação foram fatores fixos, enquanto que o animal foi um fator aleatório. Houve um tempo de interação do tratamento (P 0,1). Concluímos que a FATP-1 poderia desempenhar um papel importante no transporte de ácidos graxos durante o desenvolvimento fetal precoce.Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasInstituto de Genética Veterinari

An approach to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and dry matter intake in ruminants

Las hormonas gastrointestinales están relacionadas con el consumo de alimento. A pesar de que el mecanismo de acción de muchas de estas hormonas en animales no rumiantes es relativamente entendido, en rumiantes su función es aún poco comprendida y muchas veces contradictoria. Por ello, en este ensayo se discute la relación de la insulina, ghrelina, colecistoquinina (CCK), péptido tirosina tirosina (PYY) y los péptidos que derivan del gen del proglucagon (oxintomodulina, glicentina y péptidos similares al glucagón 1 y 2 (GLP-1 y GLP-2)) con el consumo de alimento en rumiantes. Estas hormonas también tienen una función en la regulación del metabolismo energético, lo cual se discutirá en otro ensayo. Las evidencias sugieren que en rumiantes, insulina, CCK y el GLP-1 disminuyen el consumo, mientras que ghrelina lo aumenta. La función de oxintomodulina, GLP-2 y PYY se conoce poco en rumiantes.Gastrointestinal hormones are related to feed intake. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of action of many of these hormones in non–ruminant animals is relatively well known, in ruminants their function is still not understood, and results reported in the literature are often contradictory. For this reason, this essay discusses how insulin, ghrelin, colecistokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and peptides derived from the proglucagon gen (oxyntomodlin, glicentin and glucagon–like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP–1 and GLP–2)) are related to dry matter intake (DMI) in ruminants. These hormones also have a function in the regulation of metabolism, which will be discussed in another essay. The evidence suggests that in ruminants, insulin, CCK and GLP–1 reduce DMI, while ghrelin increases DMI. The function of oxyntomodulin, GLP–2 and PYY is little known in ruminants.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

Ghrelin antagonist overrides the mRNA expression of NPY in hypothalamus in feed restricted ewes

A negative energy balance (NEB) is detrimental to reproduction in animals. A suggested link between NEB and reproductive failure is the gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin, because of the association between ghrelin and the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. The [D-Lys3]-Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 ([D-Lys3]-GHRP-6) is a ghrelin antagonist that acts on ghrelin receptors (GHS-R1). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 on reproduction variables in feed restricted ewes. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment I was conducted for 30 days; and Experiment II for 13 days. In both experiments the ewes (n = 18) were randomly assigned to: Control (CO): fed to meet maintenance requirements; Feed restriction (FR): 80% of maintenance restriction; or Ghrelin antagonist (GA): feed restricted and daily subcutaneous of 7.5μg/kg of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6. Plasma was collected to measure hormones and metabolite concentration. In Experiment II, the hypothalamus and ovaries were collected on day 13. In both Experiments, sheep allocated to the FR and GA treatments decreased their body weight compared with sheep in the CO group (P 0.10). Experiment I: Plasma ghrelin concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in FR and GA compared with CO ewes. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in GA and FR than CO. Experiment II: Kisspeptin1-Receptor (Kiss1-R) mRNA expression was greater in FR (P < 0.01) and tended to be greater in GA (P = 0.10) compared with CO ewes. The neuro peptide-Y (NPY) mRNA expression was greater (P = 0.03) in FR than CO; and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared with GA ewes. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GhRH) mRNA expression was greater in GA (P = 0.04) and tended to be greater in FR (P = 0.07) compared with CO ewes. Feed restriction increased GhRH, NPY, and Kiss-R mRNA expression in hypothalamus without affecting reproductive variables.Ghrelin antagonist may prevent an increase inNPY expression in ewes.Fil: Carranza Martin, Ana Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentina. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Parker, Anthony J.. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Furnus, Cecilia Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Ohio State University; Estados Unido

Association between prepartum metabolic status and resumption of postpartum ovulation in dairy cows

Cows transitioning from late gestation to early lactation experience an increase in energy demands, which lead to a negative energy balance (NEB) because the greater energy requirement is not fully synchronized with the intake of dry matter. In this context, there is an increase in plasma NEFA and ghrelin concentrations and a decrease in plasma insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations. This situation could have a negative impact on the return to cyclicity because some of these variables have been associated with reduced GnRH and LH pulsatility (high NEFA and low insulin concentrations). However, there are no studies showing the relationship between ghrelin or GIP and reproductive performance. It is known that these hormones are related with lipolysis and NEB, with NEB being one of the main determinants of GnRH pulse generator activity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between plasma NEFA concentration and metabolic hormones (insulin, ghrelin, and GIP) before parturition and their associations with the resumption of postpartum ovulations in dairy cows. A completely randomized block design was used in a commercial dairy herd with sampling day (visit to farm) as the blocking criteria. Holstein cows (n = 92) were screened for plasma NEFA concentration -5 d (+/-2 d) relative to the expected parturition day, and top and bottom quartiles were considered as high (H-NEFA) and low (L-NEFA) NEFA groups. Data were analyzed with correlation, linear regression, and proportional hazard regression models. Plasma NEFA concentration (H-NEFA mean ¼ 294 mM, SD ¼ 141.2; and L-NEFA mean ¼ 122 mM, SD ¼ 25.3) was correlated (P &lt; 0.01) with plasma insulin (r2 = 0.374) and ghrelin (r2 = 0.346) concentrations but not with plasma GIP concentration (P = 0.64). The greater the concentration of insulin, the lesser the prepartum NEFA concentration (for each 1 mU/mL of plasma insulin increase, there is a decrease of 1.223 +/- 0.62 mM of NEFA). Plasma ghrelin and GIP concentrations were not associated with plasma NEFA concentration. Finally, H-NEFA prepartum cows were less likely to resume ovulation than L-NEFA cows (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.563, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.314–1.011), whereas high ghrelin cows were more likely to resume ovulation than low ghrelin cows (HR = 1.873, 95% CI = 0.846–4.145). Conversely, resumption of ovulation was not associated with prepartum insulin and GIP concentrations. Prepartum NEFA and possibly ghrelin are associated with the return to postpartum cyclicity; however, insulin and GIP are not related to the resumption of ovulation in dairy cows.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Effect of fish oil and vitamin E on sperm lipid peroxidation in dogs

The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil (FO) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on sperm sensitivity to lipid peroxidation (LP) in dogs. Using an incomplete replicate 3 × 3 Latin square design, five dogs were allocated into three groups. One of the squares was incomplete and had two dogs that were used with three treatments. The dogs were assigned to three different treatments, fed a control diet of balanced commercial food (control group; CG), control diet supplemented with 54 mg FO/kg body weight0·75 per d (FO group; FG) and FO plus 400 mg VE per d (FO and VE group; FEG) for 60 d. Semen samples were collected on days 0 and 60 and divided into two halves, peroxidised and control, with or without ascorbate–Fe2+, respectively. LP was measured in both halves by chemiluminescence as counts per min/mg protein. Fatty acid profile was determined by GC. Data were analysed using the mixed procedure (SAS). On day 0, LP increased in all groups in the peroxidised samples (P 0·1). Additionally, on day 60 total n-3 was higher in the FG and FEG compared with the CG (P < 0·05). Supplementation with FO alone or together with VE decreased LP in peroxidised samples. These results could indicate a protective effect of n-3 on sperm. More studies are needed to understand the mechanism whereby FO and/or FO plus VE decrease LP in dogs’ sperm.Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasInstituto de Genética Veterinari