The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe and in Slovenia: The Review and Estimate of Dementia for Slovenia for 2018 and Projection for 2030

Dementia is becoming an increasingly important public health priority that will continue to increase due to the population aging and longevity. Appropriate national assessment of dementia prevalence is essential for properly planing the actions needed to address dementia. The purpose of this work was to identify the known prevalence of dementia in Europe and in Slovenia in the last twenty years, as well as to produce an estimation for 2018 and a projection for 2030 based on population data in Slovenia. The PubMed database search engine was used. We searched for hits in various combinations and reviewed the literature on the prevalence of dementia in Europe and in Slovenia. Estimates of dementia revalence for Slovenia were not found in the reviewed literature; we calculated it based on Slovenian data for 2018 and projections for 2030. Dementia prevalence rates in Europe have not changed significantly in most age groups in recent decades. In Slovenia, in 2018, the age-standardized prevalence rate for those aged 65 and over was 6.9%, for women 8.8% and for men twice lower, and according to the projection for 2030 it was 7.2% for men, 9.0% for women, which was twice as much as in men. The gross prevalence rate for dementia in people aged 65 and older in Europe ranges from 5.9% to 9.4%. The results of all studies show that the prevalence is increasing with increasing age, that it is higher and it is increasing earlier and faster in women (80–84 years) compared to men (85–89 years). The prevalence of dementia in women was twice as high as that of men and was increasing more rapidly with age. In Slovenia we can expect an increase in the number of people with dementia in the next ten years, primarily due to the aging of the population and extending of the life expectancy

Integrative transcriptomic analysis in human and mouse model of anaphylaxis identifies gene signatures associated with cell movement, migration and neuroinflammatory signalling

BackgroundAnaphylaxis is an acute life-threatening allergic reaction and a concern at a global level; therefore, further progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms and more effective strategies for diagnosis, prevention and management are needed.ObjectiveWe sought to identify the global architecture of blood transcriptomic features of anaphylaxis by integrating expression data from human patients and mouse model of anaphylaxis.MethodsBulk RNA-sequencings of peripheral whole blood were performed in: i) 14 emergency department (ED) patients with acute anaphylaxis, predominantly to Hymenoptera venom, ii) 11 patients with peanut allergy undergoing double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) to peanut, iii) murine model of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Integrative characterisation of differential gene expression, immune cell-type-specific gene expression profiles, and functional and pathway analysis was undertaken.Results1023 genes were commonly and significantly dysregulated during anaphylaxis in ED and DBPCFC patients; of those genes, 29 were also dysregulated in the mouse model. Cell-type-specific gene expression profiles showed a rapid downregulation of blood basophil and upregulation of neutrophil signature in ED and DBPCFC patients and the mouse model, but no consistent and/or significant differences were found for other blood cells. Functional and pathway analysis demonstrated that human and mouse blood transcriptomic signatures of anaphylaxis follow trajectories of upregulation of cell movement, migration and neuroinflammatory signalling, and downregulation of lipid activating nuclear receptors signalling.ConclusionOur study highlights the matched and extensive blood transcriptomic changes and suggests the involvement of discrete cellular components and upregulation of migration and neuroinflammatory pathways during anaphylaxis

Terminologija klinične prehrane: Motnje prehranjenosti in s prehranjenostjo povezana stanja

Izhodišča: Prehransko stanje posameznika uvrščamo med ključne dejavnike njegovega zdravja. Za učinkovito individualno in multidisciplinarno obravnavo stanj, povezanih s prehranskim stanjem posameznika, moramo dobro poznati terminologijo klinične prehrane. Ker je klinična prehrana kot medicinska stroka razvita tudi pri nas, v tujini pa so tovrstni terminološki dokumenti že na voljo, želimo tudi v Sloveniji na podlagi konsenza oblikovati enotno terminologijo. Metode: Prispevek je osnovan na podlagi eksplicitnega terminološkega dogovora. K sodelovanju smo povabili obsežno skupino relevantnih slovenskih strokovnjakov s kliničnih, predkliničnih in drugih področij, ki so povezana z dejavnostjo klinične prehrane v medicini, pri oblikovanju pa je sodeloval tudi terminolog s področja medicine. Kot izhodišče smo izbrali terminološke smernice Evropskega združenja za klinično prehrano in presnovo ter ob njih upoštevali najnovejša strokovna priporočila za posamezne pojme. Avtorji so bili v stiku prek osebnih srečanj in elektronske pošte. Pri končnem oblikovanju konsenza je sodelovalo 42 avtorjev iz 19 slovenskih ustanov. Rezultati: Predstavljamo temeljne pojme, terminološke definicije in pripadajoče slovenske termine s področja klinične prehrane. Opredelili smo osnovne motnje prehranjenosti – podhranjenost, prekomerno hranjenost, neravnovesje mikrohranil in sindrom ponovnega hranjenja. Poleg tega smo opredelili tudi s prehranjenostjo povezana stanja – sarkopenijo in krhkost. Osnovne pojme smo podprli s kliničnim kontekstom, v katerem nastopajo. Zaključki: Poenoteno razumevanje osnovnih patoloških stanj, ki jih obravnava klinična prehrana, je izhodišče za nadaljnji razvoj stroke, poleg tega pa je podlaga tudi za prehransko obravnavo in učinkovito prehransko oskrbo

Terminologija klinične prehrane: Prehranska obravnava – presejanje prehranske ogroženosti in prehranski pregled

Izhodišča: Pomembno vlogo pri prehranski obravnavi imata tako presejanje prehranske ogroženosti kot prehranski pregled, na podlagi katerega lahko postavimo diagnozo motnje prehranjenosti ali s prehranjenostjo povezane motnje. Ocena posameznikovega prehranskega stanja, ki jo pridobimo s prehransko obravnavo, je namreč ključna za načrtovanje učinkovite prehranske oskrbe. Za razvoj področja je pomembno, da so vsi termini, ki se uporabljajo pri kliničnem delu, usklajeni. Taki terminološki dokumenti v mednarodnem prostoru že obstajajo, smiselni pa so tudi za slovenščino in naše okolje. Metode: Prispevek temelji na eksplicitnem terminološkem dogovoru skupine 42 relevantnih slovenskih strokovnjakov iz 19 slovenskih ustanov. Osnova oblikovanja terminoloških smernic je terminološki dokument Evropskega združenja za klinično prehrano in presnovo, pri čemer so bili upoštevani tudi novejši izsledki klinične prehrane. Rezultati: Predstavljeni so slovenski termini in terminološke definicije s področja klinične prehrane. Opredeljeni so osnovni pojmi s področja prehranske obravnave, ki je praviloma del medicinske obravnave. Predstavljena sta pojma prehranska ogroženost in presejanje prehranske ogroženosti, ob čemer so navedeni tudi različni presejalni testi za presejanje prehranskih motenj in s prehranjenostjo povezanih stanj. Podrobno so opredeljeni tudi prehranski pregled in njegovi sestavni deli. Zaključki: Tako presejanje prehranske ogroženosti kot prehranski pregled sta bistvena za diagnostično obravnavo v okviru klinične prehrane, poenoteno razumevanje terminologije pa omogoča primerno prepoznavo patoloških stanj pri bolnikih in pripravo ustreznega načrta prehranskih ukrepov

Branding of the Pipistrel company

Podjetja, ki proizvajajo različne vrste letal, se pri uveljavljanju blagovne znamke na trgu soočajo z različnimi izzivi ter notranjimi in zunanjimi dejavniki, ki pomembno vplivajo na njihovo uspešnost. V nalogi je definirana blagovna znamka letal podjetja Pipistrel d. o. o. in prikaz problemov, ki se pojavljajo pri prodaji njihovih produktov na domačem in tujem trgu. V nalogi je opis poslovnega okolja, marketinga, pravnih podlag in kadrovskih zadev v podjetju, kar predstavlja osnovo za raziskovalni del naloge. V raziskovalnem delu smo ugotavljali, kakšne so dejanske zaznave zaposlenih v zvezi z vplivom posameznih notranjih in zunanjih dejavnikov na uspešnost uveljavljanja blagovne znamke. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je več pozornosti potrebno posvetiti notranjim dejavnikom, na katere ima predvsem vodstvo podjetja večji vpliv. Pri zunanjih dejavnikih pa morajo pristojni organi države izpolniti sprejete obveze iz veljavnih predpisov. Na podlagi ugotovitev pa smo predstavili možnosti oziroma priložnosti, ki bi utegnile inovativnim podjetjem, kot je Pipistrel d. o. o., omogočiti lažjo pot do uresničitve idej.Aircraft companies are facing various challenges in form of internal and external factors, that have a significant impact on the success of establishing their brand on the market. In this dissertation we define the Pipistrel ltd aircraft brand and address problems that arise when selling their products on domestic and foreign markets. Our dissertation contains a view of the business environment, marketing, legal foundations and human resources in the company, which form the basis for the research part of the dissertation. In the research we analyze what level of importance would employees ascribe to the individual external factor when it comes to evaluating the success of Pipistrel company on the market. The results show that overall more attention is paid to internal factors where company\u27s management has more influence. In the case of external factors, the competent state authorities fulfill the accepted obligations from the applicable regulations. Based on the findings, we present possibilities and opportunities that could enable innovative companies like Pipistrel ltd. find an easier way to realize their ideas

Oral, obssesive and hysterical character connected to depression and gender stereotypes

Namen pričujoče magistrske naloge je predstaviti značaje, ki temeljijo na psihoanalitični teoriji. Ob tem nas je zanimalo, kako se ti značaji povezujejo s konceptom depresivnosti in ali značaji vplivajo na izraženost depresivnosti. Prav tako smo želeli osvetliti problem spolnih stereotipov pri diagnosticiranju, kar smo storili v teoretičnem delu, v empiričnem pa smo se še posvetili temu, kako se značaji obnašajo v skladu s spolnimi stereotipi. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 202 udeležencev. Večina udeležencev je bilo študentov povprečne starosti 24,63 let. Vzorec je sestavljalo 160 žensk in 42 moških. Za raziskovanje smo uporabili vprašalnik, ki je bil objavljen na spletu, sestavljen iz demografskih vprašanj, krajše verzije Lestvice temeljnih značajev in krajše verzije Beckovega vprašalnika depresivnosti. Prišli smo do šestih za nas relevantnih ugotovitev: (1) oralni značaj statistično pomembno pozitivno korelira z depresivnostjo, (2) pri obsesivnem značaju ni statistično pomembnih razlik med spoloma, (3) pri histeričnem značaju ni statistično pomembnih razlik med spoloma, (4) oralni značaj ima statistično pomemben vpliv na izraženost depresivnosti, (5) obsesivni značaj nima statistično pomembnega vpliva na izraženost depresivnosti, (6) histerični značaj nima statistično pomembnega vpliva na izraženost depresivnosti. Ugotovitve kažejo, da ima oralni značaj pomembno povezavo in vpliv na izraženost depresivnosti, medtem ko to ne velja za obsesivni in histerični značaj, kar je skladno s teoretičnimi koncepti. Obenem se je izkazalo, da spolni stereotipi za obsesivni in histerični značaj nimajo empirične podlage, saj ni bilo statistično pomembnih razlik med spoloma za omenjena značaja.The purpose of this thesis is to present characters, which are based on the psychoanalytic theory. We mostly wanted to know how these characters are connected with the concept of depression and if they affect depression in any way. Another problem worth mentioning are gender stereotypes in diagnosis, which we discussed in the theoretical part of this thesis, whereas in the empirical part we researched how the characters behave according to gender stereotypes. The study involved 202 participants, most of which were students with the average age of 24,63 years. The sample consisted of 160 women and 42 men. For our survey we used a questionnaire which was published on the internet and consisted of demographic questions, a shorter version of the Basic Character Inventory and a shorter version of the Beck Depression Inventory. We have reached six important findings: (1) the oral character positively correlates with depression(2) the obsessive character shows no statistically significant differences between the sexes(3) the hysterical character shows no statistically significant differences between the sexes(4) the oral character has a statistically significant impact on the degree of depression(5) the obsessive character has no statistically significant impact on the degree of depression(6) the hysterical character has no statistically significant impact on the degree of depression. The findings show that the oral character has an important connection and impact on the degree of depression, while the obsessive and hysterical characters do not. This is consistent with theoretical concepts. It also turned out that gender stereotypes have no empirical foundation for obsessive and hysterical characters, since there were no statistically significant differences between the sexes for both types of characters

Age at Smoking Initiation in Slovenia

Uvod. Podatki iz tujine kažejo, da začnejo kaditi praviloma mladostniki in mladi odrasli. Za Slovenijo imamo o tem malo podatkov. Namen prispevka je prikaz podatkov o starosti ob začetku kajenja in razlik v začetku kajenja glede na spol, starostne skupine, izobrazbo, družbeni sloj in geografsko regijo med prebivalci v Sloveniji