Temporary Clusters and Knowledge Creation: The Case of Tourism@

With respect to the knowledge-based-view and management science, innovations contribute to a company's competitiveness. And for successful innovation process, companies need to share, create and combine their internal knowledge as well as managing their external relationships and opportunities. Consequently, it is widely accepted that clusters - systemic and local configurations - by supporting horizontal and vertical knowledge exchange could be a fundamental mean for innovation. However, the prolific literature on clusters analyse them only as durable and permanent entities. Yet, interestingly, some forms of temporary organizations as trade fairs, conventions and other professional gatherings, are similar to permanent clusters, but in a temporary, repeated and intensified form. Maskell, Bathelt and Malmberg (2004) even call them “temporary cluster” using the concept to define a short-lived hotspot of intense knowledge exchange, network building and idea generation. It gathers heterogeneous participants in the same spot enabling them to bring together their specific knowledge through intensive interactions. Nevertheless, to date, we observed that the literature focusing on temporary clusters is limited. Notwithstanding, it requires growing attention for management science. In fact, the literature existing on temporary clusters, had asserted that these transient events are important for companies to access markets and knowledge pools in different part of the world. Therefore we consider temporary clusters as a significant vector for the building of trans-local business relations in common situations of incomplete knowledge and uncertainty. Besides, temporary clusters help developing global knowledge pipelines to benefit from outside knowledge.In this context, the paper will analyze a specific empirical case of temporary organization related to the tourism industry. Two arguments support this choice. On the one hand, as stated by Maskell et al. (2005), ‘identifying, selecting, approaching and interacting with new partners is a tricky and costly process' and, we think, even more in the tourism industry. Indeed, the tourism industry is structured by dispersed activities in nature, time and space that need to be combined and assembled dynamically. On the other hand, the tourism industry has been one of the most innovative activities related to the development of ICT, almost 50% of the innovations in the e-commerce activity come from e-tourism or m-tourism. Therefore, the analysis of a temporary cluster dedicated to this ‘dispersed' activity is particularly relevant.The paper will thus focus on such an event called Tourism@. This major event gathers the main actors of e-tourism and is dedicated to the usages of ICT in the tourism industry. It appears as a unique international trade fair in Europe dedicated to start up innovative companies, high tech SMEs, academic research, as well as large multinationals. Tourism@' specificity lies in the fact that each year, since 2001, the event includes the organization of a competition rewarding projects for their creativity and commitment in developing and implementing either new technologies or new uses for the tourism industry. The projects involved in this competition (175 since 2001) will be the basic elements of the temporal database we have build, in which the nature of the projects is extensively described (nature of the firm, of the technology, of the team, capabilities implemented, level of innovation...). In order to analyze the evolution of innovative activities in e-tourism, the initial step will be to characterize the projects through three main features: the market they address, nature of the technology and their innovative intensity. The study reveals that, each year, a main technology or a main innovation in terms of uses emerges showing some kind of self organization. Then, two points of the case study will be examined: first, the evolution of the dominant technology over time, and secondly, the diffusion of the emerging technology. Therefrom, the empirical study will aim at analyzing if temporary proximity allows the different actors from tourism industry to set up or mobilize knowledge and social links without requiring durable co-location. Furthermore, it will aim at identifying if, in a dynamic context of annual event, the repeated face to face temporary relations can result in trust and durable cooperation between different organizations. It might be expected that Tourism@ trade fair, in the role of a temporary cluster, enables to develop or implement innovative solutions, supports technology transfers and backs the creation of new markets as well as the fostering of horizontal and vertical relations between stakeholders.The paper is structured as follows. First section will investigate the theory field of temporary clusters and question in what extent a temporary cluster can be considered as a specific temporary organization regarding the interactions it support that lead to knowledge creation. Section two will present the Tourism@ case study; the methodology used and will develop the statistical analysis of the database. Lastly, the third section will be dedicated to the discussion of temporary clusters as a specific form of inter-firm organization that allows intensive exchange of knowledge.Knowledge creation; Temporary cluster; Tourism; Technological innovation

Technologies de l'information et de la communication : un outil stratégique pour les petites et moyennes entreprises touristiques?

L'entreprise de petite taille est souvent considérée comme une entreprise qui subit les aléas de son environnement. Face à cette perspective qualifiée de déterministe, certains travaux récents (Gueguen, 2004) ont mis en évidence la possibilité pour les PME (Petites et Moyennes Entreprises) de disposer d'une liberté d'action réelle. Le développement depuis une dizaine d'année de technologies de l'information et de la communication offre aux entreprises la possibilité de renforcer leurs positions concurrentielles et de développer des stratégies. Si ces aspects ont été décrits dans de nombreux travaux concernant la grande entreprise, on dispose de peu de recul sur les impacts des systèmes d'information et de communication sur le management stratégique des PME. Il semble donc opportun de revenir sur le rôle des TIC au sein des petites structures et de se demander : dans quelle mesure les technologies de diffusion de l'information constituent-elles un outil stratégique pour ces entreprises. Les récentes recherches menées sur la relation entre les petites entreprises et leur environnement nous apprennent que les PME peuvent faire preuve de volontarisme. Partant de cette idée, cet article vise à comprendre en quoi les TIC peuvent être une ressource spécifique permettant à ces entreprises de se singulariser. Les résultats de recherche dont on rend compte ici s'intéressent à l'influence des TIC sur la stratégie des PME. La capacité à déployer des stratégies grâce aux TIC, est expliquée à travers les contextes spécifiques des PME, que l'on précise.TIC (technologies de l'information et de la communication) – décisions stratégiques – PME (petites et moyennes entreprises) – environnement

Research on chilean saltpetre heritage (19th and 20th centuries) and its enhancement

Vers 1870, le salpêtre succédera au guano comme engrais naturel dans les pays développés. La victoire du Chili dans la Guerre du Pacifique, permettra l’annexion des territoires salpêtriers. Le monopole sur la ressource ouvrira une période de grande prospérité pour le pays. Cependant, l’ampleur des investissements nécessaires rendra indispensable l’arrivée de capitaux étrangers, principalement britanniques. Jusqu’à 1930, ces derniers maintiendront une position hégémonique dans cette industrie. Ils l’abandonneront alors au profit d’intérêts nord-américains dotés d’une technologie supérieure. Née dans une région désertique, cette industrie a drainé une population importante, tant d’origine proche qu’européenne, tant sur les lieux de production que dans les ports. Plusieurs villes côtières ont ainsi été créées, permettant la naissance d’une nouvelle bourgeoisie. Le regroupement de nombreux ouvriers, travaillant dans un environnement difficile, a permis la naissance de mouvements sociaux, finalement transformés en mouvement politiques. Ainsi, le Parti Socialiste chilien trouve son origine dans les mouvements ouvriers du salpêtre. Le caractère unique de ce patrimoine et son rôle essentiel dans la construction du Chili a valu aux sites de Humberstone et Santa Laura d’être inscrits au Patrimoine Mondial de l’Humanité. Ceux-ci permettent de comprendre tant les procédés industriels que le mode de vie des “pampinos”. Cependant, la difficile reconnaissance de la valeur culturelle de ce patrimoine et la nécessité de préserver autant les manifestations immatérielles que matérielles de cet héritage amènent à s’interroger sur la transmission d’une mémoire en sursis; ABSTRACT: Research on Chilean saltpetre Heritage (19th and 20th Centuries) and its enhancement Around 1870, saltpetre replaced guano as a natural fertilizer in developed countries. The victory of Chile in the Pacific War resulted in the annexation of territories rich in saltpetre. The monopoly on the resource brought a period of great prosperity for the country. However, due to the extent of the investments, the arrival of foreign capital, mainly British, was needed. Until 1930, British interests maintain a hegemonic position in this industry. They then were replaced by US interests disposing of a superior technology. Born in a desert region, the industry has attracted a large population, from nearby or European origins, either in production sites or in ports. Several coastal towns were created, allowing the birth of a new bourgeoisie. The grouping of many workers, working in a difficult environment, enabled the birth of social movements, eventually turned into political movement. Thus, the Chilean Socialist Party has its roots in the saltpetre labour movement. The uniqueness of this heritage and its essential role in the construction of Chile has earned the sites of “oficinas” Humberstone and Santa Laura to be listed as World Heritage Site. Both help understand the industrial processes and the lifestyle of "pampinos". However, the difficult recognition of the cultural value of this heritage and the need to preserve as much immaterial and material manifestations of it raise questions about the transmission of a memory in jeopardy

L’impulsivité dans le trouble de personnalité limite : étude du rôle des émotions négatives et du stress sur les capacités d’inhibition sous l’angle des perturbations identitaires

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D)L’impulsivité des personnes atteintes de trouble de personnalité limite (TPL) est un problème important et un critère diagnostic majeur qu’il convient de mieux comprendre. L’étude des fonctions d’inhibition permet d’appréhender ce phénomène à travers certains déficits cognitifs qui sous-tendent ces comportements. Le but général de cette thèse, composée de deux articles empiriques, était d’interroger le rôle des perturbations identitaires dans la survenue des déficits d’inhibition chez des individus ayant un TPL. Le premier article est une revue systématique de la littérature des études mesurant trois types de fonction d’inhibition (inhibition de réponse; résistance à l’interférence de distracteur; résistance proactive à l’interférence) en condition de stress ou d’émotion négative, auprès d’individus ayant un TPL. Le premier objectif était de dresser un portrait de la littérature des études ayant mesuré les fonctions d’inhibition en condition de stress ou émotionnelle chez des individus ayant un TPL ou de hauts traits de PL comparativement à des sujets contrôle. Le second était de documenter l’impact différentiel des processus de référence à soi sur les capacités d’inhibition des sujets ayant un TPL ou de hauts traits de PL versus les sujets contrôle, en lien avec (1) l’hypothèse de Winter (2016) selon laquelle une référence à soi impacterait davantage leurs processus attentionnels en raison du contenu négatif de leur identité, et (2) un aspect de la théorie de Kernberg (1976) qui fait le lien entre perturbations identitaires et impulsivité dans cette population. Sur un total de 1215 articles, 26 études ont été sélectionnées et comparées. Les résultats indiquent que l’amoindrissement des performances des individus ayant un TPL semble survenir davantage lorsque les paradigmes expérimentaux comprennent une référence à soi, et ce, pour les trois types d’inhibition. Un modèle théorique a été formulé afin d’intégrer les apports de Winter (2016) et Kernberg (1976) pour comprendre le lien entre ces variables et qui répond ainsi au troisième objectif d’apporter une compréhension théorique à ces résultats. Le deuxième article présente un protocole de recherche (quatrième objectif) permettant de tester une partie du modèle théorique proposé dans le premier article, à savoir l’hypothèse selon laquelle les déficits d’inhibition de réponse pourraient être attribuables à la disposition de l’identité à augmenter l’intensité des émotions négatives chez les individus ayant un TPL. Des analyses préliminaires (cinquième objectif) ont été effectuées auprès de 56 participants présentant différents niveaux de traits de personnalité limite. Ces derniers ont été soumis à deux conditions, soit une épreuve de description de soi (n = 29) ayant le potentiel de manipuler la cohérence identitaire ou une épreuve contrôle (n = 27), avant d’effectuer une tâche d’inhibition comportant des stimuli émotionnels d’intensité faible et élevée. Les résultats indiquent une interaction significative entre la condition, le niveau de traits limite, la valence et l’intensité des stimuli avec la performance d’inhibition. L’analyse post-hoc n’a pas révélé de différences significatives. Dans un deuxième temps, la relation entre la description de soi des participants (n = 29) et leur performance à la tâche a été explorée. Une corrélation modérée a été retrouvée entre une description de soi peu différenciée et une moins bonne performance d’inhibition. Ces résultats préliminaires soulignent la pertinence de s’intéresser à la relation entre l’identité et les fonctions d’inhibition. De façon générale, la présente thèse dresse un portrait complexe des liens entre inhibition, stress, intensité émotionnelle, et identité dans le TPL. Les implications des résultats sont discutés. De nouvelles études sont nécessaires afin d’approfondir les conclusions de ces articles.Impulsivity among individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an important problem and a major diagnostic criterion that needs to be better understood. The study of inhibition functions allows to apprehend this phenomenon through certain cognitive deficits which underlie those behaviors. The aim of this thesis, composed by two empirical articles, was to question the role of identity disruptions in the occurrence of inhibition deficits among individuals with BPD. The first article is a systematic literature review of studies measuring three types of inhibitory functions (response inhibition; resistance to distractor interference; resistance to proactive interference) under stress or negative emotion, among individuals with BPD or high BP features. The first objective was to portray literature of the studies. The second was to document the impact of the presence of self-reference in the experimental procedures among subjects with BPD or high BP features versus controls, in relation to (1) Winter's hypothesis (2016) according to which self-reference disrupts their attentional processes due to the negative content of their identity, and (2) an aspect of Kernberg's theory (1976) which links identity disturbances and impulsivity in this population. Out of 1215 articles, 26 studies were selected and compared. The results indicate that the impairment of individuals with BPD’s performance for all three types of inhibition seems to occur more frequently when the experimental paradigms include self-reference. A theoretical model was formulated to integrate the contributions of Winter (2016) and Kernberg (1976) in the understanding of the link between those variables and respond to the third objective. The second article presents a research protocol (fourth objective) which aims to test a part of the theoretical model developed in the first article which hypothesized that the deficits in response inhibition could be attributable to the disposition of identity to increase the intensity of negative emotions in individuals with BPD. A preliminary analysis (fifth objective) was conducted among 56 participants with different levels of borderline personality features were assigned to two conditions: either a self-description task (n = 29) that had the potential to manipulate the identity coherence, or a control condition (n = 27), prior to a response inhibition task with high and low arousal emotional stimuli. The results indicate a significant interaction between condition, the level of borderline features, valence, and stimulus intensity on inhibition performance. Post-hoc analysis did not reveal significant differences. Secondly, the relationship between participants' self-description (n = 29) and their performance on the inhibition task was explored. A moderate correlation was found between a lesser differentiated self-description and a higher mean of errors of commission. Those preliminary results highlight the relevance of studying the relationship between identity and inhibition functions. Overall, this thesis presents a complex portrait of the links between inhibition, stress, emotional intensity, and identity in BPD. The implications of those results are discussed. Further studies are needed to strengthen the conclusions of these articles

Temporary Clusters and Knowledge Creation: The Case of Tourism@

International audienceWith respect to the knowledge-based-view and management science, innovations contribute to a company's competitiveness. And for successful innovation process, companies need to share, create and combine their internal knowledge as well as managing their external relationships and opportunities. Consequently, it is widely accepted that clusters - systemic and local configurations - by supporting horizontal and vertical knowledge exchange could be a fundamental mean for innovation. <br />However, the prolific literature on clusters analyse them only as durable and permanent entities. Yet, interestingly, some forms of temporary organizations as trade fairs, conventions and other professional gatherings, are similar to permanent clusters, but in a temporary, repeated and intensified form. Maskell, Bathelt and Malmberg (2004) even call them “temporary cluster” using the concept to define a short-lived hotspot of intense knowledge exchange, network building and idea generation. It gathers heterogeneous participants in the same spot enabling them to bring together their specific knowledge through intensive interactions. <br />Nevertheless, to date, we observed that the literature focusing on temporary clusters is limited. Notwithstanding, it requires growing attention for management science. In fact, the literature existing on temporary clusters, had asserted that these transient events are important for companies to access markets and knowledge pools in different part of the world. Therefore we consider temporary clusters as a significant vector for the building of trans-local business relations in common situations of incomplete knowledge and uncertainty. Besides, temporary clusters help developing global knowledge pipelines to benefit from outside knowledge.<br /><br />In this context, the paper will analyze a specific empirical case of temporary organization related to the tourism industry. Two arguments support this choice. On the one hand, as stated by Maskell et al. (2005), ‘identifying, selecting, approaching and interacting with new partners is a tricky and costly process' and, we think, even more in the tourism industry. Indeed, the tourism industry is structured by dispersed activities in nature, time and space that need to be combined and assembled dynamically. On the other hand, the tourism industry has been one of the most innovative activities related to the development of ICT, almost 50% of the innovations in the e-commerce activity come from e-tourism or m-tourism. <br />Therefore, the analysis of a temporary cluster dedicated to this ‘dispersed' activity is particularly relevant.<br />The paper will thus focus on such an event called Tourism@. This major event gathers the main actors of e-tourism and is dedicated to the usages of ICT in the tourism industry. It appears as a unique international trade fair in Europe dedicated to start up innovative companies, high tech SMEs, academic research, as well as large multinationals. Tourism@' specificity lies in the fact that each year, since 2001, the event includes the organization of a competition rewarding projects for their creativity and commitment in developing and implementing either new technologies or new uses for the tourism industry. <br />The projects involved in this competition (175 since 2001) will be the basic elements of the temporal database we have build, in which the nature of the projects is extensively described (nature of the firm, of the technology, of the team, capabilities implemented, level of innovation...). In order to analyze the evolution of innovative activities in e-tourism, the initial step will be to characterize the projects through three main features: the market they address, nature of the technology and their innovative intensity. The study reveals that, each year, a main technology or a main innovation in terms of uses emerges showing some kind of self organization. Then, two points of the case study will be examined: first, the evolution of the dominant technology over time, and secondly, the diffusion of the emerging technology. <br />Therefrom, the empirical study will aim at analyzing if temporary proximity allows the different actors from tourism industry to set up or mobilize knowledge and social links without requiring durable co-location. Furthermore, it will aim at identifying if, in a dynamic context of annual event, the repeated face to face temporary relations can result in trust and durable cooperation between different organizations. It might be expected that Tourism@ trade fair, in the role of a temporary cluster, enables to develop or implement innovative solutions, supports technology transfers and backs the creation of new markets as well as the fostering of horizontal and vertical relations between stakeholders.<br /><br />The paper is structured as follows. First section will investigate the theory field of temporary clusters and question in what extent a temporary cluster can be considered as a specific temporary organization regarding the interactions it support that lead to knowledge creation. Section two will present the Tourism@ case study; the methodology used and will develop the statistical analysis of the database. Lastly, the third section will be dedicated to the discussion of temporary clusters as a specific form of inter-firm organization that allows intensive exchange of knowledge

Atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and semantic dementia : an ALE meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and semantic dementia (SD) have distinct episodic memory profiles despite the hippocampal atrophy that characterizes both diseases. The aim of this study was to delineate the pattern of gray matter (GM) atrophy associated with AD and SD as well as any differences in these patterns by pooling together the results of previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies. Methods/Overview: We conducted a meta-analysis of VBM studies that investigated GM atrophy in AD patients versus controls (CTRLs) and in SD patients versus CTRLs using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach. Our systematic review allowed us to identify 63 VBM studies. Results: The results confirmed that in addition to the classical cortical pattern of atrophy involving posterior medial and lateral regions in AD and the anterior lateral temporal lobes in SD, both AD and SD patients are characterized by bilateral atrophy of the hippocampus. Furthermore, in SD, the hippocampal atrophy was limited to the anterior portion of the hippocampus, while in AD, both the anterior and posterior parts of the hippocampus exhibited atrophy. When we compared the foci identified in the studies that compared AD patients versus CTRLs with those identified in the studies that compared SD patients versus CTRLs, we observed that the atrophy in the posterior hippocampus and precuneus was more severe in AD. Conclusion: These results support theories that propose that the deficits observed in AD result from damage to the episodic memory network, which involves the posterior hippocampus and posterior medial brain regions. However, sparing of the posterior hippocampus in SD could explain the absence of episodic memory deficits in this population

Dynamique organisationnelle du secteur touristique : évolutions technologiques et innovations de services

Le secteur du tourisme a connu ces dernières années de profondes transformations. Celles-ci sont visibles pour l'essentiel dans le passage d'un paradigme industriel à un paradigme de la "connaissance". En effet, "l'ancien tourisme" se caractérise essentiellement par une production de masse, standardisée, alors que le "nouveau tourisme" vise, par l'innovation, à offrir des biens différenciés et personnalisés aux différentes niches de marchés. Ces transformations ont évolué conjointement aux changements de comportements et de motivations des consommateurs, dans un nouvel environnement juridico économique. Ces facteurs ont ainsi contribué à l'émergence de nouvelles règles concurrentielles dans une économie mondialisée. C'est surtout l'arrivée des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC ), qui a le plus bouleversé l'industrie du tourisme ces dix dernières années. Ces évolutions concernent l'ensemble du processus productif du produit touristique, mais également tous les prestataires du tourisme. Les entreprises contraintes de s'adapter à l'ensemble de ces évolutions doivent repenser la segmentation traditionnelle de leurs activités. Cette contribution a pour objectif de mieux comprendre la relation entre les changements structurels que connaissent les entreprises du tourisme et l'organisation du secteur touristique. L'analyse de ce processus implique de comprendre dans un premier temps de quelle manière se structure le tourisme. L'existence d'une forte interdépendance entre les diverses entreprises qui effectuent des activités complémentaires très variées amènera à conclure qu'il s'agit d'une industrie au sens de Richardson (1972). En effet, chacune de ces entreprises effectue une étape du processus productif. Par conséquent, toute innovation à l'un des stades de la production aura de fortes implications sur les autres et donc sur l'ensemble du secteur. Nous montrerons dans un second temps que l'émergence d'innovations dépend fortement de l'interaction et de la complémentarité entre la technologie et l'organisation interne de l'entreprise (Milgrom et Roberts, 1990). L'évolution de l'industrie est donc fortement dépendante de la capacité des entreprises à internaliser les différents progrès technologiques.Industrie du tourisme ; changements technologiques; dynamique organisationnelle; innovations de services

Deux approches pédagogiques dans la prévention du paludisme par le pharmacien d'officine

Les voyageurs se rendant dans certains pays ou régions du monde ont un risque de développer le paludisme. Il s agit d une maladie infectieuse à transmission vectorielle causée par un parasite appartenant au genre Plasmodium. Le paludisme est une maladie grave, parfois mortelle, très répandue dans les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux. Le pharmacien d officine a un rôle central et primordial dans le conseil aux voyageurs et dans la prévention de l'infestation. L information donnée doit être fiable, complète et actualisée. Pour fournir les informations aux pharmaciens mais aussi aux étudiants de la nouvelle génération Y, deux approches pédagogiques seront utilisées dans cette thèse. L une traditionnelle, l autre plus adaptée aux attentes et aux habitudes de la nouvelle génération appelée : approche par étude de cas.People who travel in specific countries or areas can be exposed and can develop malaria. It is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease which is widespread in many tropical and subtropical countries. The pharmacist has a central role in the prevention of the disease by giving advices to traverlers. The information must be reliable, complete and up-to-date. The thesis will be developped into two pedagogical approaches to give the right information to the pharmacists and also to Y generation students. The first one is a traditional synthesis work. The second is a new methode : a study case, that fits more with student s expectations and habits.GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocSudocFranceF

L’art et la violence : quels frayages ? Réflexions inspirées d’un projet pilote en prévention de la radicalisation violente chez les jeunes

La montée de diverses formes de radicalisation violente interpelle à la fois les champs politique et psychosocial. Différents programmes de prévention voient le jour, lesquels s’inspirent notamment des facteurs de risque et de protection face à la radicalisation violente que la littérature sur le sujet identifie. Cet article se penche sur ces facteurs pour ensuite interroger l’éventuelle pertinence d’approches centrées sur l’art dans la prévention de la radicalisation violente. Pour ce faire, les questions soulevées par un projet pilote mené auprès de jeunes attirés par la radicalisation violente et misant sur leur engagement dans des activités artistiques servent d’amorce à la réflexion. Celle-ci mettra en lumière certains enjeux entourant le recours à l’art comme voie d’expression alternative à la violence, en s’attardant notamment aux conditions dans lesquelles ce recours peut être signifiant.The rise of various forms of violent radicalization challenges both the political and psychosocial realms. In response, various prevention programs are being developed, notably based on risk and protective factors identified in the literature on violent radicalization. This article examines these factors and questions the possible relevance of art-centered approaches in preventing violent radicalization. Questions raised by a recent pilot project carried out with young people attracted by violent radicalization and monitoring their engagement in artistic activities served as a starting point for reflection. This work will highlight certain issues surrounding the use of art as an alternative outlet to violence by focusing particularly on the conditions under which this recourse can be meaningful

El bachiller de Salamanca ó Aventuras de Don Querubín de la Ronda

Copia digital. España : Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación bibliotecaria, 2018Encabezamiento tomado de Palau, t. VII, p. 50