Clinicopathological Evaluation of Clear Cell Hidradenoma (Acrospiroma) Within Multiple Tumor Complex in a Dog

Background: Clear cell hidradenoma (acrospiroma) is adnexal tumors that arise from the distal excretory duct of eccrine sweat glands. It is generally defined in humanbeings. It presents solitary structure in firmness nodule. Most frequently are encountered in head, face, and upper extremities in humans. Hidradenomas are called generally by definition benign. Their malignant transformations and metastasis are seen very rarely. In veterinary literature database, the malignant form of tumor has been defined as an unique report in four dogs. They are extremely rare tumors in dogs. It is not documented within multiple tumor complex up to now.Case: In the case, three tumors were detected in a 9-year-old neutered female German shepherd dog. After clinical examination, a complete surgical resection of all masses was performed and masses were sent to Pathology for diagnosis. A mass on the right last rib was a 8x6 cm in diameters with severe ulceration. The mass had a hard texture, immobility and irregular borders. Other masses were localized on the back and left caudo-abdominal mammary lobe. Tumors on the back and the mammary lobe did not invade muscle layer, but the tumor on the last rib aggressively invaded surrounding tissue and were very difficult to remove surgically After macroscopy, all the masses were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Mayer’s mucicarmine and Periodic Acid Shiff (PAS) stainings. In the first mass, there were multilobular epithelial islands between prominent fibrous septa from the upper to deep of dermis. The neoplastic cells were generally round or polyhedral in shape. Some of cytoplasms were eosinophilic at different degree. But cytoplasms were generally finely granular and vesicular or clear in appearance. Some cells had possible glycogen deposits. Nucleus was oval to round and had fine reticular chromatin and a distinct nucleolus. The tumor was diagnosed as clear cell hidradenoma. Others were was belonged to hemangioma on the back and malignant mixed tumor in the mammary gland.Discussion: In our case, two cell types having benign characteristics were also noted. Some clear cells contained PAS (+) material showing glycogen deposits. Additionally, there were some fibrous septa separating those cell islands. Thus, it is thought that the histopathology shows parallelism to many reports described in human beigns. Clear cell hidradenoma described in this case is first documentation as benign counterpart on the basis of veterinary literatures even though a previous report including clear cell hidradenocarcinoma in four dogs. And also, it has been reported to be very rarely seen tumor in human beings. However, any hormonies in terms of its predilection site can not be found among the cases with clear cell hidradenoma in human counterparts, because the tumor is encountered at skin of last right rib. This situation has shown us the tumor does not select any predilection site as described in this case. It has been understood on the basis of literatures that this is the first case report of describing benign tumor of ecrine sweat duct in dogs. Also, there has been no any documentation regarding in this multiple tumor comple

Pathomorphological and Immunohıstochemical Evaluation of Unilateral Progressive Mooren’s Ulcer in a Cat

Background: Mooren’s ulcer is a chronic and painful ulceration of the cornea. It begins progressively in the periphery and spread centrally in cornea. In human, it is seen uniaterally in most of cases. Mooren ulcer has not been reported in any kind of animals up to now. Although its aetiology is not completely enlighted, it has been suspected of the inflammatoryreaction against injuries-microbiological and immun mediated effects. Immun response in presence of accumulation of immune complexes into the limbal vessels.As a result of the deficit in the regulatory mechanism because the number of suppressor cells control over B and T lymphocytes, These situations can result in a progressive tendancy to inflammationbecause the production of autoantibodies and/or lymphokine from cytotoxic T-lymhocytes creates an immune-mediated vasculitis. Numerous immigrant inflammatory cells and proteins are evaded from vessels. After triggering inflammatory cells and releasing of meditors, corneal vascularization, scar tissue and re-epithelization develop. This regenerative-reperative process plays an important role during post-inflammatory process.Case: In this case, it was aimed to detect pathomorphological structure and immunologic relations in progressive Mooren’s ulcer (MU). A 1 year-old mix breed cat was submitted to clinic with complaints of progressive painful and eyesight loss in left eye. There were 1 cm-ulceration, opacification and old haemorrhagic areas at peripheral cornea. Histopathologically, there was wide ulceration including all layers of corneal epithelium and particularly vacuolar degeneration at suprabasal cells. In corneal stroma, numerous neutrophiles and mononuclear cells were infiltrated. Neovascularisation and fibrosis beginning from limbus were also present. This fibrotic progress was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome staining method. Immunohistochemically, Cytokeratin 3 (CK3) and cytokeratin 12 (CK12) positivities showing regenerative activity of suprabasal and basal cells were not widespread. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) positivities were generally weak in epithelialcells. In stroma, moderate vimentin positivities were detected proliferated in fibrocytes originating from limbus. α1-antichymotrypsin (A1AC) was mildly reacted in neutrophiles. CD3 and CD4 confirmed the presence of regulatory and helper T lymphocytes. CD3 and CD8 marked cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD20 marked B lymphocytes in inflammatory areas. CD34 were also positive in peripheral corneal stem cells derived from limbal basal epitheliums in partly regenerated area. CD57 positivity in T lymphocytes and NK cells and CD68 positivity in macrophages were attended to the area.Discussion: CD1a positivity in T lymphocytes proved mediating lipid and microbial origin glycolipid antigens. TUNEL reactions showing DNA in situ fragmentation were present in the destructive and aging epithelial cells at periphery. In conclusion, the case has been found as unique in terms of its immunohistochemical characterization. The markers show that CD1a and CD68 expressions follow different progress in animals unlike in humanbeings even though the ulcer of pathogenetic mechanism is found identical to humanbeings.. The roles of CD20 and CD57 markers have potential roles in this ulcer. It is also concluded that insufficient epithelial regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis showed progressive Mooren’s ulcers having possibly microbial origin.Keywords: Mooren’s ulcer, pathomorphology, immunohistochemistry, cat

The Evaluation of Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings of Cervical Clear Cell Carcinoma in a Bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape.After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively. At the macroscopic and histological examinations, the mass was diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was stained with CK19 α-SMA, vimentin, desmin, TGF-β, VEGF, CEA, ER and PR markers. Other markers gave moderate to severe reactions in exception for no or weak ER and PR positivities. In direction of these results, clear cell carcinoma of cervix had been found remarkably due to first description in a spayed bitch on the basis of knowledge.Discussion: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one type of the endometrial carcinomas. It is frequently known to have aggressive behavior and unfavorable prognosis. In human counterparts, clear cell carcinoma is frequently reoccurred in caudoabdominal and pelvic region even after being removed. The occurrence of clear cell carcinoma has highly increasedwith diethylstilbestrol usage during pregnancy. The situation on uterine carcinoma is nearly same in domestic animals. It is related to prolonged estrogenism. In this case, the bitch has been under prolong exposure to estrogenic effect. Indeed the estradiol level was high when compared to spayed female. Also, it is thought that the reason of high estradiol leveldoes not depend on the ovarian remnant. It is believed this situation may be relevant to exogen hormone usage. Vaginal smear confirmed erythrocyte (due to bleeding), predominantly superficial cells to it’s under estrogenic effect even despite being spayed.Keywords: clear cell carcinoma, cervix, clinicopathology, marker, bitch

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Disseminated Metastases of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Spayed Bitch

Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Sticker’s sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm. In vaginal cytology, round to polyhedral shaped transmissible venereal tumor cells including cytoplasmic vacuoles and polychromatic nuclei were identified. Histopathologically, solid areas included oval- to round-shaped cells with prominent, hyperchromatic nuclei in all masses. Also, some of them comprised mitotic figures in their nuclei. In general, the tumor cells were separated by thin fibrous septa. Additionally, the cells were completely infiltrated to the mammary gland. In contrast, oropharyngeal and subdermal region of neck consisted more solid areas under the epidermis. There was lymphocyte infiltration at the periphery of the cells. For gluteal mass, TVT cells were confined in muscle bundles. Transmissible venereal tumor cases are often located in genital organs and their metastases are rarely encountered in comparison with other tumors. In this case report, metastases to cervical tissue, neck skin, oropharyngeal mucosa and gluteal muscles, mammary lobes are found.Discussion: When the sexual activity is high, the incidence of TVT increases. It especially develops in bitches in estrus. Breed, sex and age are not a cause of predisposition for TVT. Transmissible venereal tumors’ malignancy can increase in some cases, although TVT is known as a benign tumor. Prevalence of metastases was found fairly low in the studies. Metastases to mammary region, to subcutaneous region, to brain, to eye, to lung, to uterus, to ovary, to liver, to spleen have been reported. In conclusion, even if a bitch is acyclic, transmissible venereal tumor can be developed and thus the risk of its disseminated metastasis must be considered. Moreover, since the masses have not regresed for a long time, this situation may be related to severe immunosupression in the bitch

Encephalitozoonosis infection in a traditional rabbit farm with neurological manifestations

WOS: 000450382200006PubMed: 30389008Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a zoonotic and opportunistic pathogen, can cause latent infection, especially in lagomorphs. Nowadays, this member of the Eukaryotes has drawn significant attention in the fields of veterinary and public health. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of infection in a New Zealand rabbit farm that has a clinical history of neurological manifestations including head tilt ataxia, aggressiveness, seizures, and circling and rotational movements around the body length axis, but the general conditions and food intake were normal. Blood samples were taken from 42 breeding rabbits and researched for E. cuniculi anti-bodies. Out of that, 25 (59%) animals resulted positive against the pathogen. The rabbit was found to be sero-positive for E. cuniculi antibodies, but negative for Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes antibodies. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters were measured at reference intervals. No brain tissue impairment was observed the computed tomography (CT) scan. As a result of these histopathological findings, the brain cortex presented severe neuronal degeneration and partial myelin loss, with reactive diffuse gliosis against the parasite spores was observed to the histopathology. These results are possibly related to the early stage of infection because the parasitic infestation comprise long time spreading. E. cuniculi DNA was detected on brain tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and it partial DNA sequence was identified as E. cuniculi genotype I

Subacute Stage of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Eye Lesions of Rabbit in Turkey

WOS: 000436150400017PubMed: 30069215Background: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an opportunistic microsporidian parasite that can affect a number of different species of mammalian animals and humans. The parasite can pose also threat for rabbits even though it causes several sporadic and asymptomatic infections. Infection of eyes is common and clinical symptom of ocular infection may include uveitis and cataracts. We found out subacute findings in naturally infected animals and show here a first described eye lesions as well as central nervous system and kidneys in Turkey. Methods: The rabbits (n: 171) of breeding units were observed to daily clinical examination for infection of E. cuniculi during three years. The eyes of five rabbits (2.9%) showed white intraocular masses or cataracts in the breeding units during daily examinations. The infection was described clinicopathologically in collected organ samples in the animals. During observation, macroscopically, corneal lesions and opacity and impaired lens were taken into attention as well as hyperemia in central nervous system and kidney. Histopathologically, parasitophorous vacuoles pertaining to E. cuniculi were detected in all three tissues during different routine Haematoxylin-Eosin and Gram stainings. Results: Degenerative and necrotic changes in epithelium of cornea and lens and also neurons and tubules were predominantly observed in addition to nonpurulent interstitiel nephritis and encephalitis. Conclusion: The results from study lead to subacute findings especially in eye during natural E. cuniculi infections following asymptomatic and latent changes among breeding colony. The lesions indicated sub-acute stage of E. cuniculi infection in eye lesions of rabbit in Turkey

Subacute Stage of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Eye Lesions of Rabbit in Turkey

Background: Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an opportunistic microsporidian parasite that can affect a number of different species of mammalian animals and humans. The parasite can pose also threat for rabbits even though it causes several sporadic and asymptomatic infections. Infection of eyes is common and clinical symptom of ocular infection may include uveitis and cataracts. We found out subacute findings in naturally infected animals and show here a first described eye lesions as well as central nervous system and kidneys in Turkey. Methods: The rabbits (n:171) of breeding units were observed to daily clinical examination for infection of E. cuniculi during three years. The eyes of five rabbits (2.9%) showed white intraocular masses or cataracts in the breeding units during daily examinations. The infection was described clinicopathologically in collected organ samples in the animals. During observation, macroscopically, corneal lesions and opacity and impaired lens were taken into attention as well as hyperemia in central nervous system and kidney. Histopathologically, parasitophorous vacuoles pertaining to E. cuniculi were detected in all three tissues during different routine Haematoxylin-Eosin and Gram stainings. Results: Degenerative and necrotic changes in epithelium of cornea and lens and also neurons and tubules were predominantly observed in addition to nonpurulent interstitiel nephritis and encephalitis. Conclusion: The results from study lead to subacute findings especially in eye during natural E. cuniculi infections following asymptomatic and latent changes among breeding colony. The lesions indicated sub-acute stage of E. cuniculi infection in eye lesions of rabbit in Turkey

A Comparative Pathomorphological Findings Between Leiurus abdullahbayrami and Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpion: Buthidae) Envenomation in Rabbit Animal Model

WOS: 000467725400011PubMed: 31346540Background: The aim of study was to compare macroscopical and histopathological findings between venoms belonging to two scorpion species, Androdoctonus crassicauda, and the newly discovered Leirus abdullahbayrami. Methods: The animals used in this experimental study were fifteen New Zealand bred rabbits. Three groups were constituted as group I (L. abdullahbayrami group, n= 6), group II (A. crassicauda group, n= 6) and group III (control group, n= 3). The animals in the L. abdullahbayrami group and the A. crassicauda group were envenomed through an intravenous route. The rabbits were monitored for the first 24h following the envenomation. The animals dead within that time period were examined and all animals were sacrificed and standard necropsy process was performed at 24h. Results: The pathomorphological findings from group I were found to be more severe than those observed in group II. The venom from the newly identified L. abdullahbayrami has a greater effect than the venom from the A. crassicauda. Moreover, as this was a rabbit modeling study, the L. abdullahbayrami might pose the most serious health threat to infants in particular due to their smaller body weight. Conclusion: These findings will provide a better understanding of envenomation of human beings in terms of the possible consequences of scorpion toxication on the organs

Pathomorphological and Immunohıstochemical Evaluation of Unilateral Progressive Mooren’s Ulcer in a Cat

Background: Mooren’s ulcer is a chronic and painful ulceration of the cornea. It begins progressively in the periphery and spread centrally in cornea. In human, it is seen uniaterally in most of cases. Mooren ulcer has not been reported in any kind of animals up to now. Although its aetiology is not completely enlighted, it has been suspected of the inflammatoryreaction against injuries-microbiological and immun mediated effects. Immun response in presence of accumulation of immune complexes into the limbal vessels.As a result of the deficit in the regulatory mechanism because the number of suppressor cells control over B and T lymphocytes, These situations can result in a progressive tendancy to inflammationbecause the production of autoantibodies and/or lymphokine from cytotoxic T-lymhocytes creates an immune-mediated vasculitis. Numerous immigrant inflammatory cells and proteins are evaded from vessels. After triggering inflammatory cells and releasing of meditors, corneal vascularization, scar tissue and re-epithelization develop. This regenerative-reperative process plays an important role during post-inflammatory process.Case: In this case, it was aimed to detect pathomorphological structure and immunologic relations in progressive Mooren’s ulcer (MU). A 1 year-old mix breed cat was submitted to clinic with complaints of progressive painful and eyesight loss in left eye. There were 1 cm-ulceration, opacification and old haemorrhagic areas at peripheral cornea. Histopathologically, there was wide ulceration including all layers of corneal epithelium and particularly vacuolar degeneration at suprabasal cells. In corneal stroma, numerous neutrophiles and mononuclear cells were infiltrated. Neovascularisation and fibrosis beginning from limbus were also present. This fibrotic progress was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome staining method. Immunohistochemically, Cytokeratin 3 (CK3) and cytokeratin 12 (CK12) positivities showing regenerative activity of suprabasal and basal cells were not widespread. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) positivities were generally weak in epithelialcells. In stroma, moderate vimentin positivities were detected proliferated in fibrocytes originating from limbus. α1-antichymotrypsin (A1AC) was mildly reacted in neutrophiles. CD3 and CD4 confirmed the presence of regulatory and helper T lymphocytes. CD3 and CD8 marked cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD20 marked B lymphocytes in inflammatory areas. CD34 were also positive in peripheral corneal stem cells derived from limbal basal epitheliums in partly regenerated area. CD57 positivity in T lymphocytes and NK cells and CD68 positivity in macrophages were attended to the area.Discussion: CD1a positivity in T lymphocytes proved mediating lipid and microbial origin glycolipid antigens. TUNEL reactions showing DNA in situ fragmentation were present in the destructive and aging epithelial cells at periphery. In conclusion, the case has been found as unique in terms of its immunohistochemical characterization. The markers show that CD1a and CD68 expressions follow different progress in animals unlike in humanbeings even though the ulcer of pathogenetic mechanism is found identical to humanbeings.. The roles of CD20 and CD57 markers have potential roles in this ulcer. It is also concluded that insufficient epithelial regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis showed progressive Mooren’s ulcers having possibly microbial origin.Keywords: Mooren’s ulcer, pathomorphology, immunohistochemistry, cat