The effect of dietary inclusion of meat and bone meal on the performance of laying hens at old age

The effect of the inclusion of meat and bone meal (MBM) in the diet of old laying hens on their egg production and the quality of their eggs was investigated. Meat and bone meal containing a high concentration of ash and a low concentration of crude protein was included at levels of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0% in the diets and fed for 20 weeks. Forced moulted 84-week old laying hens (Brown-Nick) were divided randomly into four treatment groups of 120 hens each. The inclusion of 2.0% MBM to the layer diet increased hen-day egg production significantly, whereas inclusion in excess of 2.0% MBM had no additional beneficial effect on egg production. However, the inclusion of dietary MBM at all three levels depressed egg weight. There were no significant effects of dietary treatments on egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the hens. The specific gravity of the eggs from hens fed the control diet was significantly lower than from those receiving the diets containing 2.0 and 4.0% MBM. The Haugh Unit value of eggs in the 6.0% MBM treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. There were no significant effects of MBM inclusion on yolk colour score, yolk height, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight and eggshell strength. However, MBM inclusion in a diet had a significant beneficial effect on eggshell quality. The eggshell ratios of the 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0% MBM treatments were significantly higher than in the control diet, while the cracked/broken egg ratio was significantly lower. In conclusion, inclusion of MBM containing a high ash and low crude protein content to conventional maize-soya bean diet improved egg production performance of laying hens. The dicalcium phosphate level in the diet could also be reduced without any adverse effects on egg production and egg quality. Key Words: Meat and bone meal, Egg production, Egg quality, Laying hens SA Jnl Animal Sci Vol.34(1) 2004: 31-3

Fissure ridges: A reappraisal of faulting and travertine deposition (travitonics)

The mechanical discontinuities in the upper crust (i.e., faults and related fractures) lead to the uprising of geothermal fluids to the Earth’s surface. If fluids are enriched in Ca2+ and HCO3‐, masses of CaCO3 (i.e., travertine deposits) can form mainly due to the CO2 leakage from the thermal waters. Among other things, fissure‐ridge‐type deposits are peculiar travertine bodies made of bedded carbonate that gently to steeply dip away from the apical part where a central fissure is located, corresponding to the fracture trace intersecting the substratum; these morpho‐tectonic features are the most useful deposits for tectonic and paleoseismological investigation, as their development is contemporaneous with the activity of faults leading to the enhancement of permeability that serves to guarantee the circulation of fluids and their emergence. Therefore, the fissure ridge architecture sheds light on the interplay among fault activity, travertine deposition, and ridge evolution, providing key geo‐chronologic constraints due to the fact that travertine can be dated by different radio-metric methods. In recent years, studies dealing with travertine fissure ridges have been consider-ably improved to provide a large amount of information. In this paper, we report the state of the art of knowledge on this topic refining the literature data as well as adding original data, mainly focusing on the fissure ridge morphology, internal architecture, depositional facies, growth mechanisms, tectonic setting in which the fissure ridges develop, and advantages of using the fissure ridges for neotectonic and seismotectonic studies

SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary Supplementation with an essential oil mixture, a commercially available organic acid and a probiotic oil growth performance and carcass yield of broilers. One thousand two hundred and fifty sexed one day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups of 250 birds each (negative control, organic acid, probiotic and essential oil mixture (EOM) at two levels). Each treatment group was further sub-divided into five replicates of 50 birds (25 male and 25 female) per replicate. The oil in the EOM was extracted from different herbs growing in Turkey. Ail organic acid at 2.5 g/kg diet, a probiotic at 1 g/kg diet and the EOM at 36 mg and 48 mg/kg diet were added to the basal diet of the birds. There were significant effects of dietary treatments oil body weight gain, feed intake, carcass yield and intestinal weight of the broiler at 42 days of age. At day 42, birds fed the diet containing 36 mg EOM/kg showed the highest body weight gain. This was followed by chicks on the diet containing 48 mg EOM/kg, the probiotic, the organic acid and the negative control, in descending order. The addition of the essential Oil Mixture to the diet improved the feed conversion ratio significantly as compared to the negative control and the organic acid treatment. The feed intakes at days 21 and 42 were significantly different between the treatments. The addition of 48 mg EOM/kg increased carcass yield significantly above the other treatments, while the addition of EOM and the organic acid reduced the intestinal weight significantly. It was Concluded that the Supplementation of the herbal essential Oil Mixture to broiler diet had beneficial effects oil body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield

Vergleichende Fuetterungsversuche ueber den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Zwischenfrucht-Futterpflanzen als Rationsbestandteil auf ernaehrungsphysiologische Parameter und Mastleistung bei Laemmern

Gruenraps und Kleegras-Gemenge (Perserklee + Weidelgras) sind anhand der ermittelten Mastleistungs-, Pansen- und Blutparameter gut geeignet, auch unter schwierigen Fuetterungsbedingungen in den semi-ariden Klimaten der Tuerkei die Ernaehrungsbasis fuer die Laemmermast zu verbessern. In Kombination mit diesen Zwischenfruechten kann auch das Strukturfutter zur Herstellung bedarfsgerechter Laemmermastrationen sehr gut herangezogen werdenAvailable from: D-35394 Giessen Univ. (Germany). Universitaetsbibliothek, Otto-Behagel-Str. 8 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

The effect of an essential oil combination derived from selected herbs growing wild in Turkey on broiler performance

One thousand two hundred and fifty sexed day-old broiler chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery were divided randomly into five treatment groups (negative control, antibiotic and essential oil combination (EOC) at three levels) of 250 birds each. Each treatment group was further sub-divided into five replicates of 50 birds (25 male and 25 female) per replicate. The oil in the EOC was extracted from different herbs growing in Turkey. The EOC at 24, 48 or 72 mg/kg diet and an antibiotic at 10 mg avilamycin/kg diet were added to the basal diet. There were significant effects of dietary treatments on body weight, feed intake (except at day 42), feed conversion ratio and carcass yield at 21 and 42 days. Body weights were significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 48 mg essential oil/kg were the highest, followed by those receiving the diets containing 72 mg essential oil/kg, the antibiotic, the negative control and the 24 mg essential oil/kg at day 42, respectively. From 1 to 21 and 1 to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by the supplementation with 48 and 72 mg essential oil/kg diet. The feed intakes were significantly different between the treatments at 21 days, but not at 42 days. Supplementation in excess of 48 mg EOC/kg had no additional beneficial effect on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield. The EOC, a feed additive of natural origin, may be considered as a potential growth promoter in broiler production. Keywords: Essential oil combination, Herbs, Antibiotic, Performance, Broiler South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.33(2) 2003: 89-9

(Denizli Basin, Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey)

The chemical and isotopic properties of thermal waters (Kamara and Cizmeli) and cold springs from the Venice Geothermal Field (YGF), in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey are investigated in order to establish a conceptual hydrogeochemical-hydrogeological model. These thermal waters derive from Menderes metamorphic rocks and emerge along normal faults; they are commonly used for heating of greenhouses and bathing facilities. Discharge temperatures of thermal waters are 32 degrees C to 57 degrees C (mean 51 degrees C) for Kamara and 35 degrees C to 68 degrees C (mean 47 degrees C) for Cizmeli, whereas deep groundwaters are 15 degrees C to 20.1 degrees C (mean 17 degrees C) and shallow groundwaters ware 12 to 16 degrees C (mean 15 degrees C). Kamara and Cizmeli thermal waters are mostly of Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4 type, whereas deep groundwaters are Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Mg-Ca-HCO3 types and shallow groundwaters are mainly Mg-CaSO4-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types.In the reservoir of the geothermal system, dissolution of host rock and ion-exchange reactions changes thermal water types. High correlation in some ionic ratios (e.g. Na vs. Cl, K vs. Cl, HCO3 vs. Cl) and high concentrations of some minor elements (e.g., As, Sr, B, Cl, F) in thermal waters likely derive from enhanced water-rock interaction. Water samples from YGF have not reached complete chemical re-equilibrium, possibly as a result mixing with groundwater during upward flow. Geothermal reservoir temperatures are calculated as 89-102 degrees C for Kamara and 87-102 degrees C for Cizmeli fields, based on the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony. Based on the isotope and chemical data, a conceptual hydrogeochemical-hydrogeological model of the YGF has been constructed. Very negative delta O-18 and delta H-2 isotopic ratios (Kamara: mean of 8.43 parts per thousand and 56.9 parts per thousand, respectively and Cizmeli: mean of -7.96 parts per thousand and - 53.7 parts per thousand, respectively) and low tritium values (<1 TU) reflect a deep circulation pathway and a meteoric origin. Subsequent heating by conduction in the high geothermal gradient setting (resulting from regional crustal thinning) drives geothermal waters upwards along faults and fractures that act as hydrothermal pathways. Positive delta C-13 ratios (+9.45 parts per thousand for Kamara and +7.28 parts per thousand for cizmeli) indicate a metamorphic origin of thermal waters. Negative carbon isotope ratios (-8.40 parts per thousand) found in the cold groundwaters are linked to exchange in freshwater carbonates of the Sazak Formation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

(Denizli Basin, Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey)

The chemical and isotopic properties of thermal waters (Kamara and Cizmeli) and cold springs from the Venice Geothermal Field (YGF), in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey are investigated in order to establish a conceptual hydrogeochemical-hydrogeological model. These thermal waters derive from Menderes metamorphic rocks and emerge along normal faults; they are commonly used for heating of greenhouses and bathing facilities. Discharge temperatures of thermal waters are 32 degrees C to 57 degrees C (mean 51 degrees C) for Kamara and 35 degrees C to 68 degrees C (mean 47 degrees C) for Cizmeli, whereas deep groundwaters are 15 degrees C to 20.1 degrees C (mean 17 degrees C) and shallow groundwaters ware 12 to 16 degrees C (mean 15 degrees C). Kamara and Cizmeli thermal waters are mostly of Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4 type, whereas deep groundwaters are Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Mg-Ca-HCO3 types and shallow groundwaters are mainly Mg-CaSO4-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types.In the reservoir of the geothermal system, dissolution of host rock and ion-exchange reactions changes thermal water types. High correlation in some ionic ratios (e.g. Na vs. Cl, K vs. Cl, HCO3 vs. Cl) and high concentrations of some minor elements (e.g., As, Sr, B, Cl, F) in thermal waters likely derive from enhanced water-rock interaction. Water samples from YGF have not reached complete chemical re-equilibrium, possibly as a result mixing with groundwater during upward flow. Geothermal reservoir temperatures are calculated as 89-102 degrees C for Kamara and 87-102 degrees C for Cizmeli fields, based on the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony. Based on the isotope and chemical data, a conceptual hydrogeochemical-hydrogeological model of the YGF has been constructed. Very negative delta O-18 and delta H-2 isotopic ratios (Kamara: mean of 8.43 parts per thousand and 56.9 parts per thousand, respectively and Cizmeli: mean of -7.96 parts per thousand and - 53.7 parts per thousand, respectively) and low tritium values (<1 TU) reflect a deep circulation pathway and a meteoric origin. Subsequent heating by conduction in the high geothermal gradient setting (resulting from regional crustal thinning) drives geothermal waters upwards along faults and fractures that act as hydrothermal pathways. Positive delta C-13 ratios (+9.45 parts per thousand for Kamara and +7.28 parts per thousand for cizmeli) indicate a metamorphic origin of thermal waters. Negative carbon isotope ratios (-8.40 parts per thousand) found in the cold groundwaters are linked to exchange in freshwater carbonates of the Sazak Formation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

One thousand two hundred and fifty sexed day-old broiler chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery were divided randomly into five treatment groups (negative control, antibiotic and essential oil combination (EOC) at three levels) of 250 birds each. Each treatment group was further sub-divided into five replicates of 50 birds (25 male and 25 female) per replicate. The oil in the EOC was extracted from different herbs growing in Turkey. The EOC at 24, 48 or 72 mg/kg diet and an antibiotic at 10 mg avilamycin/kg diet were added to the basal diet. There were significant effects of dietary treatments on body weight, feed intake (except at day 42), feed conversion ratio and carcass yield at 21 and 42 days. Body weights were significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 48 mg essential oil/kg were the highest, followed by those receiving the diets containing 72 mg essential oil/kg, the antibiotic, the negative control and the 24 mg essential oil/kg at day 42, respectively. From I to 21 and I to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by the supplementation with 48 and 72 mg essential oil/kg diet. The feed intakes were significantly different between the treatments at 21 days, but not at 42, days. Supplementation in excess of 48 mg EOC/kg had no additional beneficial effect on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield. The EOC, a feed additive of natural origin, may be considered as a potential growth promoter in broiler production

Anatolia, Turkey)

The Karahayt Geothermal Field (KGF) is located at the northern margin of the Denizli Basin in SW Anatolia (Turkey) where thermal waters discharge along the Quaternary normal fault segments locally displaced by conjugate transfer faults. Major and trace element contents and stable isotopes (delta O-18, delta H-2, delta H-3 and delta C-13) of the KGF thermal and cold waters were analyzed in order to determine their origin and evolution and reservoir temperatures. Two main thermal waters, indicated as being fed by steam-heated aquifers, are recognized: (1) Ca-HCO3 and (2) Ca-SO4 types. All thermal waters have shown non-equilibrium chemical conditions, indicating mixing processes. According to the delta O-18 (-9.14 to -8.07) and delta H-2 (-59.50 to -51.80) data, the KGF thermal waters are meteoric in origin and originated from precipitation in the northern piedmont of Yenice Horst with elevation of 900 m asl. Various geothermometers yield the reservoir temperatures of 80-130 degrees C. A conceptual flow model for the KGF was suggested as follows: the thermal waters were derived from a regional flow system with high recharge areas and deep circulation depth. The NW- and NE-trending conjugate fault segments (the Pamukkale Fault Zone) serve as features of hydraulic channelling, magmatic heat source and fluid convection in the extensional settings. This fault system is characterized by migration of a large amount of CO2-rich gas from the deep geothermal reservoir. Consequently, the KGF is characterized by a fault-hosted geothermal system affected by magmatism and active extensional tectonics, the same as other geothermal fields in this crustal extensional setting