5,676 research outputs found
Continued study of NAVSTAR/GPS for general aviation
A conceptual approach for examining the full potential of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for the general aviation community is presented. Aspects of an experimental program to demonstrate these concepts are discussed. The report concludes with the observation that the true potential of GPS can only be exploited by utilization in concert with a data link. The capability afforded by the combination of position location and reporting stimulates the concept of GPS providing the auxiliary functions of collision avoidance, and approach and landing guidance. A series of general recommendations for future NASA and civil community efforts in order to continue to support GPS for general aviation are included
Preliminary study of NAVSTAR/GPS for general aviation
The activities conducted as a planning effort to focus attention on the applicability of the global positioning system for general aviation are described. The description of GPS, its impact on economic and functional aspects of general aviation avionics, as well as a declaration of potential extensions of the basic concept have been studied in detail
Lateral phase separation of confined membranes
We consider membranes interacting via short, intermediate and long stickers.
The effects of the intermediate stickers on the lateral phase separation of the
membranes are studied via mean-field approximation. The critical potential
depth of the stickers increases in the presence of the intermediate sticker.
The lateral phase separation of the membrane thus suppressed by the
intermediate stickers. Considering membranes interacting with short and long
stickers, the effect of confinement on the phase behavior of the membranes is
also investigated analytically
Effect of Salt Concentration on the Electrophoretic Speed of a Polyelectrolyte through a Nanopore
In a previous paper [S. Ghosal, Phys. Rev. E 74, 041901 (2006)] a
hydrodynamic model for determining the electrophoretic speed of a
polyelectrolyte through an axially symmetric slowly varying nanopore was
presented in the limit of a vanishingly small Debye length. Here the case of a
finite Debye layer thickness is considered while restricting the pore geometry
to that of a cylinder of length much larger than the diameter. Further, the
possibility of a uniform surface charge on the walls of the nanopore is taken
into account. It is thereby shown that the calculated transit times are
consistent with recent measurements in silicon nanopores.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Molecular Electroporation and the Transduction of Oligoarginines
Certain short polycations, such as TAT and polyarginine, rapidly pass through
the plasma membranes of mammalian cells by an unknown mechanism called
transduction as well as by endocytosis and macropinocytosis. These
cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) promise to be medically useful when fused to
biologically active peptides. I offer a simple model in which one or more CPPs
and the phosphatidylserines of the inner leaflet form a kind of capacitor with
a voltage in excess of 180 mV, high enough to create a molecular electropore.
The model is consistent with an empirical upper limit on the cargo peptide of
40--60 amino acids and with experimental data on how the transduction of a
polyarginine-fluorophore into mouse C2C12 myoblasts depends on the number of
arginines in the CPP and on the CPP concentration. The model makes three
testable predictions.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure
Domain Growth, Budding, and Fission in Phase Separating Self-Assembled Fluid Bilayers
A systematic investigation of the phase separation dynamics in self-assembled
multi-component bilayer fluid vesicles and open membranes is presented. We use
large-scale dissipative particle dynamics to explicitly account for solvent,
thereby allowing for numerical investigation of the effects of hydrodynamics
and area-to-volume constraints. In the case of asymmetric lipid composition, we
observed regimes corresponding to coalescence of flat patches, budding,
vesiculation and coalescence of caps. The area-to-volume constraint and
hydrodynamics have a strong influence on these regimes and the crossovers
between them. In the case of symmetric mixtures, irrespective of the
area-to-volume ratio, we observed a growth regime with an exponent of 1/2. The
same exponent is also found in the case of open membranes with symmetric
composition
Competition and norms: a self-defeating combination?
This paper investigates the effects of information feedback mechanisms on electricity and heating usage at a student hall of residence in London. In a randomised control trial, we formulate different treatments such as feedback information and norms, as well as prize competition among subjects. We show that information and norms lead to a sharp – more than 20% - reduction in overall energy consumption. Because participants do not pay for their energy consumption this response cannot be driven by cost saving incentives. Interestingly, when combining feedback and norms with a prize competition for achieving low energy consumption, the reduction effect – while present initially – disappears in the long run. This could suggest that external rewards reduce and even destroy intrinsic motivation to change behaviour
Phase Transitions in Multicomponent String Model
We propose a one-dimensional model of a string decorated with adhesion
molecules (stickers) to mimic multicomponent membranes in restricted
geometries. The string is bounded by two parallel walls and it interacts with
one of them by short range attractive forces while the stickers are attracted
by the other wall. The exact solution of the model in the case of infinite wall
separation predicts both continuous and discontinuous transitions between
phases characterised by low and high concentration of stickers on the string.
Our model exhibits also coexistence of these two phases, similarly to models of
multicomponent membranes.Comment: letter, 8 pages, 3 figure
Protein search for multiple targets on DNA
Protein-DNA interactions are crucial for all biological processes. One of the
most important fundamental aspects of these interactions is the process of
protein searching and recognizing specific binding sites on DNA. A large number
of experimental and theoretical investigations have been devoted to uncovering
the molecular description of these phenomena, but many aspects of the
mechanisms of protein search for the targets on DNA remain not well understood.
One of the most intriguing problems is the role of multiple targets in protein
search dynamics. Using a recently developed theoretical framework we analyze
this question in detail. Our method is based on a discrete-state stochastic
approach that takes into account most relevant physical-chemical processes and
leads to fully analytical description of all dynamic properties. Specifically,
systems with two and three targets have been explicitly investigated. It is
found that multiple targets in most cases accelerate the search in comparison
with a single target situation. However, the acceleration is not always
proportional to the number of targets. Surprisingly, there are even situations
when it takes longer to find one of the multiple targets in comparison with the
single target. It depends on the spatial position of the targets, distances
between them, average scanning lengths of protein molecules on DNA, and the
total DNA lengths. Physical-chemical explanations of observed results are
presented. Our predictions are compared with experimental observations as well
as with results from a continuum theory for the protein search. Extensive Monte
Carlo computer simulations fully support our theoretical calculations
Insight into Resonant Activation in Discrete Systems
The resonant activation phenomenon (RAP) in a discrete system is studied
using the master equation formalism. We show that the RAP corresponds to a
non-monotonic behavior of the frequency dependent first passage time
probability density function (pdf). An analytical expression for the resonant
frequency is introduced, which, together with numerical results, helps
understand the RAP behavior in the space spanned by the transition rates for
the case of reflecting and absorbing boundary conditions. The limited range of
system parameters for which the RAP occurs is discussed. We show that a minimum
and a maximum in the mean first passage time (MFPT) can be obtained when both
boundaries are absorbing. Relationships to some biological systems are
suggested.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, Phys. Rev. E., in pres
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