DIVERSIDAD DE LOS NEMATODOS DE TETRA COLA ROJA ASTYANAX AFF. PARANAE (TELEOSTEI: CHARACIDAE) DE SITIOS CONTAMINADOS DE UN SISTEMA DE RÍO TROPICAL

Aquatic systems are affected by a great variety of anthropogenic activities that alter the water quality through the introduction of organic and inorganic pollutants, consequently impacting all trophic levels of a biological community. The relationship between parasite species diversity and organic pollution in the high Paraná River basin, Paraná, Brazil was investigated during two seasons (Winter and Summer) of 2011. A total of 114 red-tail-lambari (Astyanax aff. paranae Eigenmann, 1914) were sampled from a non-impacted location (Perobas Reserve) and from impacted regions (agricultural and urban regions, upstream and downstream the city of Campo Mourão, respectively). The nematode Spinitectus yorkei Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 was found on the preserved area, while the nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 was found only on the severely polluted areas. The variability of the prevalence index suggests that the structure of the parasite community is affected at different ways by the same levels of pollutants on the water. The observed results assume that the alteration in parasite diversity can be related to increased organic pollution, and that the differences in the parasite community from different environments can be related to biotic stress.Los sistemas acuáticos se ven afectados por una gran variedad de actividades antropogénicas que alteran la calidad del agua a través de la introducción de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos, por consiguiente, afectan a todos los niveles de la comunidad biológica. De esta forma, la relación entre la diversidad de especies de parásitos y la contaminación orgánica en la cuenca del alto Paraná, Paraná, Brasil, se investigó en dos temporadas (invierno y verano) de 2011. Un total de 114 tetra cola roja (Astyanax aff. paranae Eigenmann, 1914) se muestrearon en un sitio no impactado (Reserva Perobas) y en regiones impactadas (zonas agrícolas y urbanas, aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la ciudad de Campo Mourão, respectivamente). El nematodo Spinitectus yorkei Travassos, Artigas y Pereira, 1928 se encuentran en la zona protegida, mientras que el nematodo Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas y Pereira, 1928 se encuentran sólo en las zonas gravemente contaminadas. La variabilidad del índice de prevalencia sugiere que la estructura de la comunidad de parásitos se ve afectada en diferentes formas por el mismo nivel de contaminantes en el agua. Los resultados observados asumen que la alteración en la diversidad parasitaria puede estar relacionada con el aumento de la contaminación orgánica, y que la respuesta de la comunidad de parásitos a las tensiones ambientales puede ser utilizada como bioindicadora

Genome of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Strain SmR1, a Specialized Diazotrophic Endophyte of Tropical Grasses

The molecular mechanisms of plant recognition, colonization, and nutrient exchange between diazotrophic endophytes and plants are scarcely known. Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium capable of colonizing intercellular spaces of grasses such as rice and sugar cane. The genome of H. seropedicae strain SmR1 was sequenced and annotated by The Paraná State Genome Programme—GENOPAR. The genome is composed of a circular chromosome of 5,513,887 bp and contains a total of 4,804 genes. The genome sequence revealed that H. seropedicae is a highly versatile microorganism with capacity to metabolize a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources and with possession of four distinct terminal oxidases. The genome contains a multitude of protein secretion systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI secretion systems, and type IV pili, suggesting a high potential to interact with host plants. H. seropedicae is able to synthesize indole acetic acid as reflected by the four IAA biosynthetic pathways present. A gene coding for ACC deaminase, which may be involved in modulating the associated plant ethylene-signaling pathway, is also present. Genes for hemagglutinins/hemolysins/adhesins were found and may play a role in plant cell surface adhesion. These features may endow H. seropedicae with the ability to establish an endophytic life-style in a large number of plant species

Topological congruence between phylogenies of Anacanthorus spp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes (Actinopterygii) hosts: A case of host-parasite cospeciation.

Cophylogenetic studies aim at testing specific hypotheses to understand the nature of coevolving associations between sets of organisms, such as host and parasites. Monogeneans and their hosts provide and interesting platform for these studies due to their high host specificity. In this context, the objective of the present study was to establish whether the relationship between Anacanthorus spp. with their hosts from the upper Paraná River and its tributaries can be explained by means of cospeciation processes. Nine fish species and 14 monogenean species, most of them host specific, were studied. Partial DNA sequences of the genes RAG1, 16S and COI of the fish hosts and of the genes ITS2, COI and 5.8S of the parasite species were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of the host and parasite species were built and used for analyses of topological congruence with PACo and ParaFit. The program Jane was used to estimate the nature of cospeciation events. The comparison of the two phylogenies revealed high topological congruence between them. Both PACo and ParaFit supported the hypothesis of global cospeciation. Results from Jane pointed to duplications as the most frequent coevolutionary event, followed by cospeciation, whereas duplications followed by host-switching were the least common event in Anacanthorus spp. studied. Host-sharing (spreading) was also identified but only between congeneric host species

Molecular characterization of Moenkhausia (Pisces: Characiformes) populations with different lateral line developmental levels

ABSTRACT The genera Hemigrammus and Moenkhausia have been traditionally diagnosed mainly by the former having lateral line completely pored whereas the latter having a lateral line with a few pored scales. Those features have been used to diagnose species of both genera in the upper Paraná River floodplain. Specimens with the diagnostic features of Moenkhausia bonita, collected in the upper Paraná River floodplain, exhibited different developmental levels of the lateral line, making it difficult to distinguish them from specimens of Hemigrammus sp. We analyzed the gene encoding cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and intron 1 of the nuclear gene S7 to investigate the genetic similarities between the called Hemigrammus marginatus and M. bonita and to confirm their identities. Molecular sequences of other Moenkhausia species were analyzed for genus delimitation tests. The results reveal genetic similarities of M. bonita specimens with different developmental levels of the lateral line, and also distinguish between M. bonita and Hemigrammus sp. Species delimitation tests revealed that specimens from the upper Paraná River floodplain were M. bonita and were distinct from other Moenkhausia species. The developmental level of the lateral line is not a consistent characteristic that distinguishes between Moenkhausia and Hemigrammus species

Diversity of Nematodes of red-tail-lambari Astyanaxaff. Paranae (Teleostei: Characidae) from polluted sites of atropical river system.

Los sistemas acuáticos se ven afectados por una gran variedad de actividades antropogénicas que alteran la calidad del agua a través de la introducción de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos, por consiguiente, afectan a todos los niveles de la comunidad biológica. De esta forma, la relación entre la diversidad de especies de parásitos y la contaminación orgánica en la cuenca del alto Paraná, Paraná, Brasil, se investigó en dos temporadas (invierno y verano) de 2011. Un total de 114 tetra cola roja (Astyanax aff. paranae Eigenmann, 1914) se muestrearon en un sitio no impactado (Reserva Perobas) y en regiones impactadas (zonas agrícolas y urbanas, aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la ciudad de Campo Mourão, respectivamente). El nematodo Spinitectus yorkei Travassos, Artigas y Pereira, 1928 se encuentran en la zona protegida, mientras que el nematodo Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas y Pereira, 1928 se encuentran sólo en las zonas gravemente contaminadas. La variabilidad del índice de prevalencia sugiere que la estructura de la comunidad de parásitos se ve afectada en diferentes formas por el mismo nivel de contaminantes en el agua. Los resultados observados asumen que la alteración en la diversidad parasitaria puede estar relacionada con el aumento de la contaminación orgánica, y que la respuesta de la comunidad de parásitos a las tensiones ambientales puede ser utilizada como bioindicadora.Aquatic systems are affected by a great variety of anthropogenic activities that alter the water quality through the introduction of organic and inorganic pollutants, consequently impacting all trophic levels of a biological community. The relationship between parasite species diversity and organic pollution in the high Paraná River basin, Paraná, Brazil was investigated during two seasons (Winter and Summer) of 2011. A total of 114 red-tail-lambari (Astyanax aff. paranae Eigenmann, 1914) were sampled from a non-impacted location (Perobas Reserve) and from impacted regions (agricultural and urban regions, upstream and downstream the city of Campo Mourão, respectively). The nematode Spinitectus yorkei Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 was found on the preserved area, while the nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 was found only on the severely polluted areas. The variability of the prevalence index suggests that the structure of the parasite community is affected at different ways by the same levels of pollutants on the water. The observed results assume that the alteration in parasite diversity can be related to increased organic pollution, and that the differences in the parasite community from different environments can be related to biotic stress

Procrustean superimposition plot which minimizes the differences between the principal coordinates of patristic distances of <i>Anacanthorus</i> spp. and their Characiformes hosts.

<p>For each vector, the starting point (triangles) represent the configuration of <i>Anacanthorus</i> spp. and the arrowhead (points) the configuration of the corresponding hosts. The vector length represents the global fit (residual sum of squares) which is inversely proportional to the topological congruence. Host associations were grouped according to host families. Abbreviations of species names are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193408#pone.0193408.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>.</p

Sampling sites of fish in the Paraná River and its tributaries between 2012 and 2015.

<p>A) Project PELD area with rivers Ivinheima (22°47’S—53°32’W), Baia (22°43’S—53°17’W) and Paraná (22°45’S—53°15’W) in the flood plain of the upper Paraná River. B) Sampling sites of <i>Salminus hilarii</i> in the Taquari River: Site 1 (23°17’48. 23” S; 49°11’56.74” W); Site 2 (23°39’42.12” S; 49°08'08.42" W); Site 3 (23°31'28.82" S; 49°09'37.04" W).</p

GenBank accession numbers of the DNA sequences of genes RAG1, COI and 16S of fish hosts and associated species of <i>Anacanthorus</i> detected in the present effort on each fish species.

<p>GenBank accession numbers of the DNA sequences of genes RAG1, COI and 16S of fish hosts and associated species of <i>Anacanthorus</i> detected in the present effort on each fish species.</p

Genetic divergence in sweet cassava cultivars using morphological agronomic traits and RAPD molecular markers

In this work the genetic divergence among 14 sweet cassava cultivars was estimated by their morphological agronomic traits and RAPD molecular markers. The Tocher cluster analysis and the Nearest Neighbor Method were applied. The most dissimilar cultivars were Pão and Guaíra, Fécula Branca and Pão, and Pão and Caipira, while the most similar cultivar were the Fécula Branca and Branca 1, Branca 3 and Branca 1, and Guaíra and Branca 1. The Jaccard's coefficient showed that the most similar cultivars were Guaíra and Quarenta Quilos, while the most dissimilar were Branca 3 and Amarela da Rama Cinza. The divergence analysis indicated that promising crosses could be made between the Branca 3 cultivar and the Pão, Amarela 1, Fécula Branca and Amarela 2 cultivars for the high genetic divergence, favorable agronomic and culinary traits, and disease resistance on the part of at least one of the parents involved in the cross.<br>A divergência genética entre 14 cultivares de mandioca-de-mesa foi estimada mediante o uso de caracteres morfoagronômicos e de marcadores moleculares RAPD. As análises de agrupamento de Tocher e do Vizinho Mais Próximo foram efetuadas. As cultivares mais divergentes foram Pão e Guaíra, Fécula Branca e Pão, e Pão e Caipira, enquanto as mais similares foram Fécula Branca e Branca 1, Branca 3 e Branca 1, e Guaíra e Branca 1. O coeficiente de Jaccard indicou que as cultivares mais similares foram Guaíra e Quarenta Quilos, enquanto as mais dissimilares foram Branca 3 e Amarela da Rama Cinza. A análise de divergência indicou que cruzamentos promissores deveriam ser efetuados entre as cultivares Branca 3, Pão, Amarela 1, Fécula Branca e Amarela 2 pela alta divergência genética, características agronômicas e culinárias favoráveis, e resistência à doenças de parte de pelo menos um dos parentais envolvidos no cruzamento