Qatari Constitutional Identity and its Implications for the Organization of 2022 World Cup

تسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على الجانب الدستوري في تفعيل القوة الناعمة، وعلى الدور الذي قد يلعبه الدستور والتشريعات في رسم صورة عن دولة قطر لدى الجمهور الزائر في حدث استضافة كأس العالم 2022، تدرس الورقة الهُوية الدستورية لدولة قطر من الناحيتين الثقافية والاجتماعية، من خلال الوقوف على المحددات الدستورية للهوية الثقافية الاجتماعية للبلاد، وعناصر القوة الناعمة المتضمنة في الدستور، وتأثيرها الممكن على تنظيم كأس العالم 2022، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي إلى جانب المقابلة مع نخبة من المتخصصين، قُسمت الدراسة إلى مبحثين أساسيين: يتناول المبحث الأول محدّدات الهوية الثقافية في الدستور القطري وانعكاساتها على كأس العالم 2022؛ حيث يعرض المطلب الأول لبيان جوهريّة الانتماء العربي في الهُوية الثقافية لدولة قطر وانعكاسها على الحدث، ويعرض المطلب الثاني لبيان جوهريّة الانتماء الإسلامي في الهوية الثقافية لدولة قطر وانعكاسها على الحدث، أما المبحث الثاني فيتناول المحددات الاجتماعية في الدستور القطري وانعكاسها على تنظيم كأس العالم 2022، ويعالج المسألة من خلال مطلبين: يكشف الأول عن مكونات النسيج الاجتماعي الدستوري لدولة قطر وانعكاسها على الحدث، ويبيّن المطلب الثاني ركائز النظام الاجتماعي في دولة قطر وانعكاسها على الحدث، وخلصت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج والتوصيات أهمها ما يتعلق بانعكاس البعدين العرقي والديني على الحدث، وانعكاس ركائز النظام الاجتماعي كذلك على الحدث، لتخلص إلى مجموعة من التوصيات أبرزها ضرورة توعية الجمهور الزائر بالتشريعات، وإعمال مبدأ الموازنة بين المنافع والمضار وتأسيسه على منطلقات قانونية.This article sheds light on the constitutional role in soft power's empowerment. It looks at how the constitution and legislation may shape the perception of Qatar's prospective visitors for the World Cup 2022. The article studies the constitutional identity of Qatar, both culturally and socially, by identifying the constitutional determinants of Qatar's social and constitutional identity, as well as the soft power elements embodied in the constitution, and its possible impacts on the mega sporting event organization. In doing so, the article uses an inductive analytical method and interviews an elite group of specialists. The first section deals with the determinants of the cultural identity in the Qatari constitution, its impact on organizing the world cup 2022, and shows the importance of the Islamic affiliation in the cultural identity of Qatar and its impact on the event. The second section examines the component of the social and constitutional fabric and its impact on the event. The results reveal an impact of both the race and religion, and the constitutional foundations of the social regime in the event's organization. The article recommends raising the visitor's awareness about local legislation and carefully balancing the benefits with costs

Opinions on Weblinks

This document provides a concrete version of the survey used in the URL reading experiment conducted in April 2017 and reported in the associated paper to appear at CHI'20 on 25 April, 2020. This documentation serves two purposes. First, it helps readers of the associated paper to perceive what the experiment participants have seen. Second, it provides more concrete details than the main paper to enable accurate replications of the experiment by interested researchers. Researchers who wish to use this survey in replication studies are encouraged to read the design rationale in the associated paper. The document presents the 46 fictitious Unified Resource Locators (URL) designed to empirically evaluate web users ability to read URLs and the exact wording of the associated multiple-choice questions. Each URL is associated with two questions: where this URL goes and how safe it is to click on it. These 46 URL trials systematically vary the URL structure, the number and brand names appearing in the URL and the position of the brand name in the URL. More details about the experiment results, survey design process and rationale can be found in the associated paper: Sara Albakry, Kami Vaniea, and Maria Wolters. What is this URL’s Destination: Empirical Evaluation of Web Users’ URL Reading. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in computing systems. ACM, 2020.Albakry, Sara; Vaniea, Kami; Wolters, Maria. (2020). Opinions on Weblinks, [text]. University of Edinburgh

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population