51 research outputs found
Ebola et Marburg : les hommes contre-attaquent
La fréquence des épidémies de fièvres hémorragiques à virus Ebola ou Marburg constatée en Afrique Centrale est en augmentation depuis une dizaine d’années. Une vigilance accrue permet de détecter très précocement la plupart de ces épidémies, mais une quarantaine stricte reste le seul moyen de lutter contre ces virus : en effet, il n’existe à ce jour ni vaccin, ni traitement utilisable chez l’homme, même si la recherche progresse. Cet article fait le point sur deux résultats récents. Le premier est la découverte du mécanisme par lequel la glycoprotéine de surface du virus Ebola est activée pour réaliser la fusion des membranes virale et cellulaire : il s’agit d’un clivage protéolytique médié par des protéases endosomales, et cette découverte pourrait avoir des applications thérapeutiques. Le second résultat concerne la réussite d’essais vaccinaux chez le singe, un succès encourageant pour le développement de vaccins chez l’homme.Ebola and Marburg viruses are the causative agents of rapidly progressive hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. Pre- or post-exposure treatments against the diseases are currently not available for human use. In the field, establishment of strict quarantine measures preventing further virus transmission are still the only way to fight the infections. However, our knowledge of Ebola and Marburg viruses has markedly increased as a result of two recent discoveries discussed in this review. Chandran et al. have elucidated the mechanism by which Ebola GP is converted to a fusion-active form. Infectivity of Ebola virus was shown to be dependent on the cleavage of GP by cellular endosomal proteases, cathepsin B and L, thus opening new therapeutic approaches options. As for Jones SM et al., they have successfully vaccinated monkeys with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Ebola or Marburg virus surface glycoprotein GP, a promising vaccine approach
Full-length Ebola glycoprotein accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum
The Filoviridae family comprises of Ebola and Marburg viruses, which are known to cause lethal hemorrhagic fever. However, there is no effective anti-viral therapy or licensed vaccines currently available for these human pathogens. The envelope glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola virus, which mediates entry into target cells, is cytotoxic and this effect maps to a highly glycosylated mucin-like region in the surface subunit of GP (GP1). However, the mechanism underlying this cytotoxic property of GP is unknown. To gain insight into the basis of this GP-induced cytotoxicity, HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with full-length and mucin-deleted (Δmucin) Ebola GP plasmids and GP localization was examined relative to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, early and late endosomes using deconvolution fluorescent microscopy. Full-length Ebola GP was observed to accumulate in the ER. In contrast, GPΔmucin was uniformly expressed throughout the cell and did not localize in the ER. The Ebola major matrix protein VP40 was also co-expressed with GP to investigate its influence on GP localization. GP and VP40 co-expression did not alter GP localization to the ER. Also, when VP40 was co-expressed with the nucleoprotein (NP), it localized to the plasma membrane while NP accumulated in distinct cytoplasmic structures lined with vimentin. These latter structures are consistent with aggresomes and may serve as assembly sites for filoviral nucleocapsids. Collectively, these data suggest that full-length GP, but not GPΔmucin, accumulates in the ER in close proximity to the nuclear membrane, which may underscore its cytotoxic property
Ebola GP-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect Mice and Guinea Pigs from Lethal Ebola Virus Infection
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes acute hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with mortality rates up to 90%. So far there are no effective treatments available. This study evaluates the protective efficacy of 8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Ebola glycoprotein in mice and guinea pigs. Immunocompetent mice or guinea pigs were given MAbs i.p. in various doses individually or as pools of 3–4 MAbs to test their protection against a lethal challenge with mouse- or guinea pig-adapted EBOV. Each of the 8 MAbs (100 µg) protected mice from a lethal EBOV challenge when administered 1 day before or after challenge. Seven MAbs were effective 2 days post-infection (dpi), with 1 MAb demonstrating partial protection 3 dpi. In the guinea pigs each MAb showed partial protection at 1 dpi, however the mean time to death was significantly prolonged compared to the control group. Moreover, treatment with pools of 3–4 MAbs completely protected the majority of animals, while administration at 2–3 dpi achieved 50–100% protection. This data suggests that the MAbs generated are capable of protecting both animal species against lethal Ebola virus challenge. These results indicate that MAbs particularly when used as an oligoclonal set are a potential therapeutic for post-exposure treatment of EBOV infection
The Effect of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase on Adeno-Associated Virus Replication
BACKGROUND: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a DNA repair enzyme and plays an important role in determining the molecular fate of the rAAV genome. However, the effect this cellular enzyme on rAAV DNA replication remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study, we characterized the roles of DNA-PK on recombinant adeno-associated virus DNA replication. Inhibition of DNA-PK by a DNA-PK inhibitor or siRNA targeting DNA-PKcs significantly decreased replication of AAV in MO59K and 293 cells. Southern blot analysis showed that replicated rAAV DNA formed head-to-head or tail-to-tail junctions. The head-to-tail junction was low or undetectable suggesting AAV-ITR self-priming is the major mechanism for rAAV DNA replication. In an in vitro replication assay, anti-Ku80 antibody strongly inhibited rAAV replication, while anti-Ku70 antibody moderately decreased rAAV replication. Similarly, when Ku heterodimer (Ku70/80) was depleted, less replicated rAAV DNA were detected. Finally, we showed that AAV-ITRs directly interacted with Ku proteins. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, our results showed that that DNA-PK enhances rAAV replication through the interaction of Ku proteins and AAV-ITRs
Study of Ebolavirus glycoprotein GP cytptoxicity expressed in virus-infected cells and from a replicon system derived from Kunjin flavovirus
L Ebola et le Marburgvirus provoquent des fièvres hémorragiques fulgurantes avec un taux de mortalité élevé chez l homme. Ces virus forment la famille des Filoviridae dans l ordre des Mononegavirales. L expression transitoire de la glycoprotéine GP de l Ebolavirus (EBOV), espèce Zaïre, entraîne un détachement des cellules de leur matrice et une diminution du niveau d expression de surface de différentes protéines. L objectif de mon projet de thèse était de déterminer si cette cytotoxicité joue un rôle significatif dans le cycle de vie du virus. Nous avons mis au point un système exprimant stablement la GP à partir de réplicons dérivés du virus Kunjin. Le niveau d expression modéré de la GP dans ce système n est pas cytotoxique et n affecte pas l expression de surface des molécules étudiées. De plus, nous avons montré que les GP des virus Marburg et Reston EBOV sont elles aussi cytotoxiques, mais moins que celle de l espèce Zaïre. Des niveaux d expression modérés de la GP dans notre système et dans les cellules infectées semblent prévenir l apparition des phénomènes cytotoxiques. Nous avons ensuite souhaité déterminer si le niveau d expression de la GP est sous le contrôle d une structure secondaire située au début du gène. Un système de RT-PCR en temps réel permettant de quantifier les différents ARN de l EBOV a été mis au point et utilisé pour démontrer, pour la première fois, l existence d un gradient transcriptionnel, similaire à celui de nombreux autres Mononegavirales. L introduction de mutations altérant cette structure du gène GP par génétique inverse s est avérée ne perturber que subtilement le gradient transcriptionel. De telles structures sont présentes au début de chaque gène, nos données suggèrent qu elles sont impliquées dans la régulation fine de la transcription. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que la GP de l EBOV est cytotoxique lorsque surexprimée, mais pas dans les cellules infectées où son niveau d expression est limité par différents mécanismes.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF
Ebola et Marburg : les homes contre-attaquent
La fréquence des épidémies de fièvres hémorragiques à virus Ebola ou Marburg constatée en Afrique Centrale est en augmentation depuis une dizaine d’années. Une vigilance accrue permet de détecter très précocement la plupart de ces épidémies, mais une quarantaine stricte reste le seul moyen de lutter contre ces virus : en effet, il n’existe à ce jour ni vaccin, ni traitement utilisable chez l’homme, même si la recherché progresse. Cet article fait le point sur deux resultants récents. Le premier est la découverte du mécanisme par lequel la glycoprotéine de surface du virus Ebola est activée pour réaliser la fusion des membranes virale et cellulaire : il s’agit d’un clivage protéolytique médié par des proteases endosomales, et cette découverte pourrait avoir des applications thérapeutiques. Le second résultat concerne la réussite d’essais vaccinaux chez le singe, un succès encourageant pour le développement de vaccins chez l’homme
Overview of HCV Life Cycle with a Special Focus on Current and Possible Future Antiviral Targets
Hepatitis C infection is the leading cause of liver diseases worldwide and a major health concern that affects an estimated 3% of the global population. Novel therapies available since 2014 and 2017 are very efficient and the WHO considers HCV eradication possible by the year 2030. These treatments are based on the so-called direct acting antivirals (DAAs) that have been developed through research efforts by academia and industry since the 1990s. After a brief overview of the HCV life cycle, we describe here the functions of the different targets of current DAAs, the mode of action of these DAAs and potential future inhibitors
Identification of a New Ribonucleoside Inhibitor of Ebola Virus Replication
The current outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa has claimed the lives of more than 15,000 people and highlights an urgent need for therapeutics capable of preventing virus replication. In this study we screened known nucleoside analogues for their ability to interfere with EBOV replication. Among them, the cytidine analogue β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) demonstrated potent inhibitory activities against EBOV replication and spread at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Thus, NHC constitutes an interesting candidate for the development of a suitable drug treatment against EBOV
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