A predicted dimer-based polymorph of 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (Form IV)

A novel polymorph of 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (form IV), which had been predicted to be thermodynamically feasible, was obtained from the vapour phase and displays an R22(8) hydrogen bonded dimer motif in contrast to the catemeric motifs in forms I–III

Perceptions of sustainability and their influence in the design and delivery of Scottish housing

The sustainability ‘agenda’ is expected to be firmly embedded in the policies and practices of the Construction Industry. A multitude of sustainability indicators and the concurrent development of different Assessment Methods, intended to direct and inspire designers towards sustainable practices, emerged in the late 20th and early 21st Century. In the UK and the domestic sector in particular, many of these indicators have now been subsumed by the Building Regulations and Standards, which set the minimum levels of achievement for ‘sustainability’. Each of these approaches are underpinned by a particular understanding or interpretation of the best way to meet a perceived set of sustainability needs. This situation raises questions surrounding how notions of sustainability and sustainable development are assimilated and interpreted by Industry Professionals. These questions revolve around how a designer perceives sustainability and how this influences their personal design approach. However, one issue that persists is the lack of a shared sense or understanding of what sustainability is and why it is important to our industry and society. In order to explore the breadth of perception within the domestic housing sector in Scotland, a series of semi-structured interviews with designers have been thematically analysed. This research reveals that there are clear elements visible of a shared goal of working towards sustainability amongst designers. It also confirms that the level of understanding around sustainability practices and procedures among designers is diverse and not clearly understood across the profession. Further to this, the thematic analysis led to the development of five themes form the data: 1) Perceptions of cost, 2) Perceptions of the Building Standards, 3) Perceptions of Technology, 4) Perceptions of the Profession and 5) Perceptions of knowledge and Understanding. The outcomes of this study will be beneficial in several ways – they will contribute to the understanding of sustainability practices within the domestic housing sector; knowledge dissemination via guidance and design guides could help limit the variability of approaches of design teams; the understanding developed will allow a more informed approach to policy development and, finally, they will provide invaluable insight for the further development of the educational and continuing professional development needs of Architects in particular

Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical, radiological and biochemical study

The first patient I saw when 1 took up my clinical duties at the Centre for Rheumatic Diseases in Glasgow was a 59 year old spinster who had rheumatoid arthritis for 39 years. She had been bedridden for eight years and had received oral corticosteroid therapy for 15 years. The patient was in severe agony from multiple vertebral body collapse and from rib and long bone fractures. On x-ray the bones were almost transparent, and extensive biochemical tests revealed no evidence of osteomalacia. The patient's problem of osteoporosis intrigued me and on reading the literature I was surprised to find that very little had been done to study the problem of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For example, it was not clear from reading the literature how much oral corticosteroid therapy was responsible for bone loss compared to the disease itself. Chapter I of this thesis describes an extensive radiological investigation of osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in order to assess its extent and severity. The results show that osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis is a generalised phenomenon, which is particularly evident in patients of both sexes over the age of 45 years. In addition to the duration of the arthritis, corticosteroid therapy was shown to be the other important variable in producing this osteoporosis. Chapter II describes an extensive clinical study of calcium metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in an attempt to explore further possible factors in the bone loss occuring in this disease. One of the surprising results of this investigation indicated that hypercalcaemia is a not uncommon feature in rheumatoid arthritis. Circumstantial evidence pertaining to serum and urine biochemistry together with tentative conclusions from a calcium absorption study suggested that the hypercalcaemia might be part of a "hyperparathyroid-like" state. However, immunoassay of serum parathyroid hormone levels clearly indicated that this hormone was not elevated and was thus not responsible for these biochemical abnormalities. Similarly serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were normal but an interesting trend towards elevation of serum calcitonin levels was noted. The study was then extended to examine the effects of rheumatoid sera on a bone culture in vitro. Bone resorption activity was demonstrated in the sera of those patients who were hypercalcaemic. It is tentatively concluded that this bone resorption is due to a substance, as yet unidentified, which has some, but not all, of the properties associated with osteoclast activating factor. These observations may subsequently be shown to have therapeutic implications in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

3-Amino­carbonyl­pyridinium difluoro­acetate at 123 K

In the crystal of the title compound, C6H7N2O+·C2HF2O2 −, the cation adopts a catemeric N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded chain motif involving the carboxamide group, with two further N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connecting the cations to adjacent difluoro­acetate anions via the carboxamide and pyridinium N atoms. The carboxamide group of the nicotinamidium ion is twisted by 32.3 (6)° from the pyridine ring plane. A number of C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F interactions consolidate the packing

Smart Security Implementation for Wireless Sensor Network Nodes

In the territory of concurrent systems such as wireless sensor networks (WSN), the computational nodes being used in wireless sensor networks faces challenges with security applications. Many different security protocols have been proposed that allow some form of security enhancement but not implemented. This article investigates and implements a number of smart security techniques appropriate for WSN nodes with various trade-off such as power consumption and scalability. We provide a brief survey of the major approaches to security prerogative and methods that could reduce if not eliminate algorithmic complexity and denial of service attacks to sensor nodes

Software Citation Implementation Challenges

The main output of the FORCE11 Software Citation working group (https://www.force11.org/group/software-citation-working-group) was a paper on software citation principles (https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.86) published in September 2016. This paper laid out a set of six high-level principles for software citation (importance, credit and attribution, unique identification, persistence, accessibility, and specificity) and discussed how they could be used to implement software citation in the scholarly community. In a series of talks and other activities, we have promoted software citation using these increasingly accepted principles. At the time the initial paper was published, we also provided guidance and examples on how to make software citable, though we now realize there are unresolved problems with that guidance. The purpose of this document is to provide an explanation of current issues impacting scholarly attribution of research software, organize updated implementation guidance, and identify where best practices and solutions are still needed

Nicotinamide–2,2,2-trifluoro­ethanol (2/1)

The nicotinamide (NA) mol­ecules of the title compound, 2C6H6N2O·C2H3F3O, form centrosymmetric R 2 2(8) hydrogen-bonded dimers via N—H⋯O contacts. The asymmetric unit contains two mol­ecules of NA and one trifluoroethanol molecule disordered over two sites of equal occupancy. The packing consists of alternating layers of nicotinamide dimers and disordered 2,2,2-trifluoro­ethanol mol­ecules stacking in the c-axis direction. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O and inter­molecular N—H⋯N, O—H⋯N, C—H⋯N, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F inter­actions are present

Understanding the relationship between costs and the modified Rankin Scale: a systematic review, multidisciplinary consensus and recommendations for future studies

Background and purpose: Cost-of-illness studies often describe a single aggregate cost of a disease state. This approach is less helpful for a condition with a spectrum of outcomes like stroke. The modified Rankin Scale is the most commonly used outcome measure for stroke. We sought to describe the existing evidence on the costs of stroke according to individual modified Rankin Scale categories. This may be useful in future cost effectiveness modelling studies of interventions where cost data have not been collected, but disability outcome is known. Methods: Systematic review of the published literature, searching electronic databases between 2004 and 2015 using validated search filters. Results were screened to identify studies presenting costs by individual modified Rankin Scale categories. Results: Of 17,782 unique identified articles, 13 matched all inclusion criteria. In only four of these studies were costs reported by modified Rankin Scale categories. Most studies included direct medical costs only. Societal costs were assessed in two studies. Overall, studies had a high methodological and reporting quality. The heterogeneity in costing methods used in the identified studies prevented meaningful comparison of the reported cost data. Despite this limitation, the costs consistently increased with greater severity (increasing modified Rankin Scale score). Conclusions: Few cost studies of stroke include information based on stroke recovery measured by individual modified Rankin Scale categories and the existing data are limited. To reliably capture this information, future studies are needed that preferably apply standardised costing methods to promote greater potential for use in cost-effectiveness analyses whereby direct collection of patient-level resource use has not been possible

Aqueous solubility of organic salts. Investigating trends in a systematic series of 51 crystalline salt forms of methylephedrine

A dataset consisting of structures and aqueous solubility and melting point data for 51 salt forms of the phenylethylamine base methylephedrine is presented. Analysis showed correlation between solubility and melting point and between melting point of the salt and melting point of the parent acid, but no correlation of salt solubility with solubility of the parent acid. Identification of associations was aided by examining chemically sensible subgroups of the dataset, and this approach highlighted significantly different relationships between solubility and melting point for these subgroups. Thus, for example, the expected negative correlation between solubility and melting point was found for 24 anhydrous benzoate salts, but a positive correlation observed for 8 halide salts. Hydrated forms were anomalous. Packing analysis identified groups of structures that were isostructural with respect to cation packing. Correlation between solubility and melting point was found to be greatest within these isostructural groups, implying a role for packing structure in determining solubility