Laser direct writing (LDW) of magnetic structures

Laser direct writing (LDW) has been used to pattern 90nm thick permalloy (Ni 81 Fe 19 ) into 1-D and 2-D microstructures with strong shape anisotropy. Sub-nanosecond laser pulses were focused with a 0.75 NA lens to a 1.85μm diameter spot, to achieve a fluence of approximately 350 mJ.cm -2 and ablate the permalloy film. Computer-controlled sample scanning then allowed structures to be defined. Scan speeds were controlled to give 30% overlap between successive laser pulses and reduce the extent of width modulation in the final structures. Continuous magnetic wires that adjoined the rest of the film were fabricated with widths from 650 nm - 6.75μm and magneto-optical measurements showed coercivity reducing across this width range from 47 Oe to 11 Oe. Attempts to fabricate wires narrower than 650nm resulted in discontinuities in the wires and a marked decrease in coercivity. This approach is extremely rapid and was carried out in air, at room temperature and with no chemical processing. The 6-kHz laser pulse repetition rate allowed wire arrays across an area of 4 mm x 0.18 mm to be patterned in 85 s

100% Renewable Energy for Residences in Seven Counties in Ohio

The objective is to research the possibility of achieving 100% renewable energy for electricity demand and hot water for residences in seven areas in Ohio by utilizing three locally- available renewable energy sources. These areas are chosen because they are generally rural and thus can potentially provide biomass energy in the form of crop residue. Hourly electricity demand based on OpenEI data for this region is utilized to determine hourly renewable energy expected to meet hourly demand. The three renewable energy sources locations solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy from residues located in the seven counties. Three alternatives are examined for proposed power plant configurations with sustainable power sources. These cases rely upon Biomass used to create power and hot water and either utilize all of the accessible biomass in the regions to generate electricity and waste heat or utilize biomass to provide heat for hot water or use biomass to meet remaining electricity demand after estimating the solar and wind power plant outputs. The levelized cost of energy in each scenario is calculated as well

Influence of PV-Reflector Shading on Rooftop Heat Transfer, Building Energy Loads, and PV Power Output Incorporating Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic Efficiency

Photovoltaic (PV) power output depends on the solar radiation incident on the PV, the module temperature, and the PV material properties. Augmenting reflectors is a common technique to reflect solar irradiation onto PV surfaces to increase PV power output supplied to the building. However, PV cell temperature is a function of solar energy incident on the PV surface; meaning increased solar sunlight on PV leads to increased PV temperature. The PV power output when considering the influence of PV temperature on efficiency is less than the PV power output without considering PV temperature. Additionally, PV installations on rooftops add shading to the building and reduce energy consumption during summertime, blocking solar energy from entering the rooftop for all seasons. As such, the energy consumption will be increased in the winter season as PV provides shade during the heating season. Providing more shading on rooftops by adding reflectors next to roof-mounted PV increases energy savings during the cooling season and further increases energy consumption in the heating season. PV power output depends on the slope of PV, the angle between PV and reflector, and the weather condition of PV, while energy savings and energy addition depend on roof location and absorptivity as well as eather conditions. Using TMY3 hourly data, this study investigates the influence of PV temperature on reflector-augmented PV power output in several United States cities. The study obtains PV efficiency with and without considering PV temperature and compares PV power output based on four different angles between PV and reflectors and PV and the horizontal line. The results show that temperature-dependent efficiency is less than temperature-independent efficiency, while power fraction during summer is higher than in the wintertime. In addition, the study investigates heat flux performance through PV-shaded roofs in three locations in the United States. The study obtains the energy savings and energy addition by adding PV shading on rooftops and presents the metric of PV effectiveness as a utility factor ratio calculated by adding energy savings to PV power output divided by energy addition. The utility factor shows that PV-shading is more effective in hot sunny weather than in cold cloudy weather. Finally, the study examines energy consumption, energy savings, and utility factor by adding reflectors to the roof-mounted PV array in the three locations. Different lengths of reflector augmented into PV model are investigated. The overall results indicate that providing more shading on rooftops decreases energy savings in the heat season and increases energy in the cold season. Adding reflectors further augments PV power, increasing the utility factor of the roof mounted PV array

Fluidics Jet Vectoring for Incompressible Flow by Using Counter Flow Method for Circular Duct

Computational and experimental investigation of fluidic thrust vectoring using counter-flow method had been carried out in the present work. The experimental investigation involved the design and construction of a test rig for a circular duct to examine the effect of various geometric variables on the thrust vectoring angle. The experimental tests covered Coanda surface radius R/d = (0.58823, 1.17647, 1.75471), secondary gap height h/d = (0.02941, 0.05882), over a secondary mass flow ratio range (0

VALIDITY OF GARBER MODEL IN PREDICTING PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT IN KERBALA CITY

Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is one of the important basics in pavement maintenance management system (PMMS), and it is used to evaluate the current and future pavement condition. This importantance in decision making to limit the maintenance needs, types of treatment, and maintenance priority. The aim of this research is to estimate the PCI value for flexible pavement urban roads in the study area (kerbala city) by using Garber et al. developed model. Based on previous researches, data are collected for variables that have a significant impact on pavement condition. Data for pavement age (AGE), average daily traffic (ADT), and structural number (SN) were collected for 44 sections in the network roads. A field survey (destructive test (core test) and laboratory test (Marshall Test)) were used to determine the capacity of structure layer of pavement (SN). The condition index (CI) output from a developed model was compared with the PCI output of PAVER 6.5.7 by using statistical analysis test. The developed model overestimates value of CI rather than PCI estimated from PAVER 6.5.7 due to statistical test to a 95% degree of confidence, (R = 0.771) for 44 sections (arterial and collector)

Effect Of Phloroglucinol(pg) On Protein Pattern Changes In Of Date Palm Microshoots (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) CV. Barhee

The current study was conducted in Basra Governorate - Iraq for the season 2019-2020 to study the effect of phloroglucinol (PG) on the protein pattern and phenotypic characteristics of the vegetative buds of date palm cultivar Al-Barhee cultivar tissue cultured. Between(2-8bands) and by 4 bundles for each treatment, while the two treatments 75 and 100 micromoles recorded 8 molecular bands with a molecular weight that ranged between (68.8-10.44 kDa ). The results of the phenotypic study also showed that the 25 micromoles treatment was significantly superior to most vegetative traits, while increasing the compound concentration led to a negative impact on the significance of the results, so that the 100 micromoles treatment recorded the least significant differences

Response of Date Palm Cv.barhi Microshoots to Salinity Stress Elevation

Salinity is one of the serious and crucial problem facias the plant in this planet. Fortunately, plants have different lines of defending system that help to overcome such environmental stress. This study uses a different NaCl level to investigate the behavior of date palm microshoots at two stages (multiplication and elongation) of micropropagation protocol. Study found the salinity stress effect on multiplied and elongated shoots at high levels of salt 150 and 200mM. At these levels the morphological and physiological aspects are changed in compression with control and other salt treatments (25-100mM). The physiological aspects recorded elevation in the rates of carbohydrate, proline and abscisic acid when NaCl concentration increasing. However, study concluded the salinity may help to improve some morphological aspect like shoot diameter that help to increase the plant survival during acclimation stage.  stage. Concentrations

Cancer risk (ELCR) and annual gonadotropin equivalent dose (AGED) in macaroni

Natural radioactivity has attracted a lot of attention in the world due to its crucial role in human safety. macaroni (Macaroni) is a dry, hollow pastry, made from cereals such as wheat, rice and barley. Macaroni is one of the basic and important for human beings, as well as its proven usefulness to the general health of human beings. Therefore, the measurement of natural radioactivity is a critical because of its direct impact on human safety. In this research, quantification has been made of natural radionuclide concentrations using NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. The analyses of samples reveal the mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K%  are found to 4.5E-01±0.071, 4.46±0.163 and 2.14±0.021, respectively. RLI,AUI,IC and Iα  were also calculated  the values ​​were less than one also  estimated annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED) resulting with an average 302.98±07.59 mSv.y-1 where was higher than globally limits. Consumption of macaroni for adult was found (0.035±0.0015) mSv.y-1 which less than global studies , while the average value of cancer risk (  1.21E-04±0.000005*10-3 mSv.y-1 Below the international permissible limits. The study can be considered as a basis for future studies on this basic substance in food.                                                                                                         &nbsp