Medieval Manila: Life at the Dawn of the 20th Century

The Spanish established the city of Manila upon similar principles used tofound medieval European cities. However, Manila by the dawn of the 20thcentury was already an antiquated and obsolete human settlement. Thispaper depicts the crude life people endured inside the city, comparableto conditions in the medieval cities of Western Europe centuries before.It will establish that Manila was underdeveloped and poorly maintaineddespite three centuries of Spanish rule. This paper explores the lifeboth of the elite and of the ordinary resident of the Walled City, focusingon the aspects of house design, the social graces, urban problems,transportation, and communication

Empty spaces and the value of symbols: Estonia's 'war of monuments' from another angle

Taking as its point of departure the recent heightened discussion surrounding publicly sited monuments in Estonia, this article investigates the issue from the perspective of the country's eastern border city of Narva, focusing especially upon the restoration in 2000 of a 'Swedish Lion' monument to mark the 300th anniversary of Sweden's victory over Russia at the first Battle of Narva. This commemoration is characterised here as a successful local negotiation of a potentially divisive past, as are subsequent commemorations of the Russian conquest of Narva in 1704. A recent proposal to erect a statue of Peter the Great in the city, however, briefly threatened to open a new front in Estonia's ongoing 'war of monuments'. Through a discussion of these episodes, the article seeks to link the Narva case to broader conceptual issues of identity politics, nationalism and post-communist transition

Symptomological identification of Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV) in citrus orchards of Northern Cyprus

This study was conducted to perform symptomological identification of Citrus Psorosis Virus (CPsV) in Northern Cyprus. This is the oldest known citrus virus disease, which causes huge decrease in citrus fruits’ quality. The first symptoms of the disease were found in Florida and California in the 1890s. The most important and well known symptoms of CPsV are dehiscence and spalling of the trunk and branches of old trees. Chlorotic spotting and ringspot may also be caused on the leaves of infected young trees.There were reports not to kill the infected trees in the Mediterranean basin and America, but the disease leads to an important reduction in yield and fruit quality in time. Recent available verbal information among the farmers in Northern Cyprus claims that there is an increase in the symptoms of chlorotic spotting on leaves and spalling on tree trunks, which are thought to be caused by CPsV. Grafting is a common management technique on citrus trees in Northern Cyprus, where most of the varieties have been grafted on sour orange; and grafting is among the major ways of transmitting this virus, together with other mechanical practices.The results of the present study showed that the virus disease in different citrus species and varieties of Northern Cyprus are mostly symptomatic.  In the current work, citrus orchards which showed disease symptoms were all recorded and a detailed database was prepared for future molecular analyses. Thus, it is revealed that further molecular studies should be carried in order to perform a scientific investigation into the presence of this virus disease in Northern Cyprus and prove it molecularly

Heat budget studies of the north Arabian Sea during summer and winter seasons, 1992

In this study heat budget components and momentum flux for August and January 1992 over the north Arabian Sea are computed. The marine meteorological data measured on board during the cruises of PAK-US joint project (NASEER) are used for the computation. Significant differences were found in the heat budget components as well as in the momentum flux during different monsoon periods over the north Arabian Sea. The latent heat flux was always positive and attributed to the large vapour pressure gradient. The computed moisture and latent heat fluxes in January were higher than August The highest value of latent heat flux 309 W/m2 at station 8 was evaluated. These higher latent heat fluxes were due to the large vapour pressure gradient, air-sea temperature difference, the wind speed, and the prevailing wind direction (from north and northeast). Negative values of sensible heat fluxes in both seasons indicate that the heat transfer was from the atmosphere to the ocean. The negative values of net heat gain indicate that the sea surface field became an energy sink: or the sea surface supplied more energy to the atmosphere than it received from it. Large variation in the momentum flux mainly attributed to the variation in the wind speed. Aerial averages of heat and momentum fluxes were also computed

Methodology for high-quality mobile measurement with focus on black carbon and particle mass concentrations

Measurements of air pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and particle mass concentration in general, using mobile platforms equipped with high-time-resolution instruments, have gained popularity over the last decade due to their wide range of applicability. Assuring the quality of mobile measurement, data have become more essential, particularly when the personal exposure to pollutants is related to their spatial distribution. In the following, we suggest a methodology to achieve data from mobile measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) and PM2:5 mass concentrations with high data quality. Besides frequent routine quality assurance measures of the instruments, the methodology includes the following steps: (a) measures to ensure the quality of mobile instruments through repeated collocated measurements using identical instrumentation, (b) inclusion of a fixed station along the route containing quality-assured reference instruments, and (c) sufficiently long and frequent intercomparisons between the mobile and reference instruments to correct the particle number and mass size distributions obtained from mobile measurements. The application of the methodology can provide the following results. First, collocated mobile measurements with sets of identical instruments allow identification of undetected malfunctions of the instruments. Second, frequent intercomparisons against the reference instruments will ensure the quality of the mobile measurement data of the eBC mass concentration. Third, the intercomparison data between the mobile optical particle size spectrometer (OPSS) and a reference mobility particle size spectrometer (MPSS) allow for the adjustment of the OPSS particle number size distribution using physically meaningful corrections. Matching the OPSS and MPSS volume particle size distributions is crucial for the determination of PM2:5 mass concentration. Using size-resolved complex refractive indices and time-resolved fine-mode volume correction factors of the fine-particle range, the calculated PM2:5 from the OPSS was within 5 % of the reference instruments (MPSSCAPSS). However, due to the nonsphericity and an unknown imaginary part of the complex refractive index of supermicrometer particles, a conversion to a volume equivalent diameter yields high uncertainties of the particle mass concentration greater than PM2:5. The proposed methodology addresses issues regarding the quality of mobile measurements, especially for health impact studies, validation of modeled spatial distribution, and development of air pollution mitigation strategies

The extraresolvability of some function spaces

A space X is said to be extraresolvable if X contains a family D of dense subsets such that the intersection of every two elements of D is nowhere dense and |D| > Δ(X), where Δ(X) = min{|U| : U is a nonempty open subset of X} is the dispersion character of X. In this paper, we study the extraresolvability of some function spaces Cp(X) equipped with the pointwise convergence topology. We show that Cp(X) is not extraresolvable provided that X satisfies one of the following conditions: X is metric; nw(X) = ω; X is normal; e(X) = nw(X) and either e(X) is attained or cf(e(X)) is countable. Hence, Cp(R) and Cp(Q) are not extraresolvable. We establish the equivalences 2ω ω, where [0,κ) has the order topology. We also prove that if κcf(κ) = κ and cf(κ) > ω, then Cp({0,1}κ) is extraresolvable; and that Cp(β(κ)) is extraresolvable, for every infinite cardinal κ with the discrete topology. It is shown that Cp([0,βω1)) is extraresolvable, where βω1 is the beth cardinal corresponding to ω1. Under GCH, for a compact space X, we have that cf(w(X)) > ω iff Cp(X) is extraresolvable. We proved that 2ω < 2ω1 is equivalent to the statement "Cp({0,1}ω1) is strongly extraresolvable"

División del trabajo, cualificación, competencias: una guía para el análisis de las necesidades de formación por los trabajadores

La reflexión teórica que queremos plantear, apoyada precisamente en una muy concreta guía de análisis, es el producto, aún inédito, de un trabajo en equipo llevado a cabo en 1996, por encargo del Sindicato español Unión General de Trabajadores, dentro de los programas FORCEM, formación continua. El trabajo completo lleva por título "Diseño de sistemas y metodologías de detección de necesidades de formación continua en las grandes empresas", y sus autores son miembros del colectivo "Seminario Charles Babbage". El texto presentado en este Dodumento de Trabajo es, únicamente, la Guía de Análisis, mientras que el informe completo de investigación incluye un conjunto de materiales de distinto orden, de los que, sobre todo, hay que destacar, el trabajo de campo, consultas y entrevistas a trabajadores y empresarios, así como el reanálisis de casos, tanto europeos como españoles, que sostienen y apuntalan cuanto en la guía se dice o propone