Proteome analysis enables separate clustering of normal breast, benign breast and breast cancer tissues

We have used proteomics with cluster analysis for the classification of breast tumour tissues. In our approach, we can distinguish between normal breast, benign breast and breast cancer tissues on the basis of the protein expression profiles. We propose an objective method for the classification of breast tumour specimens

Differential marker expression by cultures rich in mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells have properties that make them amenable to therapeutic use. However, the acceptance of mesenchymal stem cells in clinical practice requires standardized techniques for their specific isolation. To date, there are no conclusive marker (s) for the exclusive isolation of mesenchymal stem cells. Our aim was to identify markers differentially expressed between mesenchymal stem cell and non-stem cell mesenchymal cell cultures. We compared and contrasted the phenotype of tissue cultures in which mesenchymal stem cells are rich and rare. By initially assessing mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, we established that bone marrow and breast adipose cultures are rich in mesenchymal stem cells while, in our hands, foreskin fibroblast and olfactory tissue cultures contain rare mesenchymal stem cells. In particular, olfactory tissue cells represent non-stem cell mesenchymal cells. Subsequently, the phenotype of the tissue cultures were thoroughly assessed using immuno-fluorescence, flow-cytometry, proteomics, antibody arrays and qPCR. Results: Our analysis revealed that all tissue cultures, regardless of differentiation potential, demonstrated remarkably similar phenotypes. Importantly, it was also observed that common mesenchymal stem cell markers, and fibroblast-associated markers, do not discriminate between mesenchymal stem cell and non-stem cell mesenchymal cell cultures. Examination and comparison of the phenotypes of mesenchymal stem cell and non-stem cell mesenchymal cell cultures revealed three differentially expressed markers – CD24, CD108 and CD40. Conclusion: We indicate the importance of establishing differential marker expression between mesenchymal stem cells and non-stem cell mesenchymal cells in order to determine stem cell specific markers

Effects of Fermentation and Heating on the Functional Properties of Processed Flour from African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla benth) Seeds

A comparative study was conducted to determine the effects of heat treatment and fermentation on the functional properties of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla: Benth) seeds. The objective was to determine the nutritional benefits inherent therein, and the possible utilization of this plant food source as a complement in food formulation and improvement. The bean seed was broken to obtain the cotyledon, locally processed by fermentation and heat treatment, after which it was milled to obtain flour from the African oil bean. The control group of day 0 was not subjected to fermentation, but heat-treated and all other experimental groups (Day 1-7) subjected to fermentation and heating. The following selected physio-chemical properties were analyzed for the African oil bean seeds: water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and bulk densities were determined; the emulsion capacity and whipping ability were also determined. The oil absorption capacity ranged from 0.66- 1.26 g/ml; water absorption capacity, 0.76-1.32 g/ml; emulsion capacity, 33.33-64.67 g/ml, emulsion stability after one hour, 6.00-63.33 g/ml, bulk density, 0.40-0.49 g/g and whipping ability, 0.00-0.93 g/ml. The processing methods adopted (fermentation and heating) to improve on the functional properties of the African oil bean seeds significantly affected (p<0.05) the bulk density, whipping ability, emulsion stability and Stability after one hour of experimental samples fermented and heat treated (Day 1-7) compared to the Day 0 sample that was only heated while there was, however, no statistical significance recorded for the oil absorption capacity and water absorption capacity in experimental Day 1-7 compared to the control (Day 0). The treatment, demonstrated improved functional properties of the African Oil bean seeds; likely to enhance the palatability of formulated foods. The treatment did not show significant improvement on the oil absorption capacity and water absorption capacity of the bean; however, there was enhanced oil and water functionality.Key words: Oil bean, Ugba, fermentation, heatin

STRATEGI PEMASARAN MULTI LEVEL MARKETING (MLM) PADA PT. AVAIL ELOK INDONESIA DISTRIBUTOR JEPARA

Strategi pemasaran dirancang untuk menentukan arah, tujuan pemasaran dalam bisnis yang berkaitan dengan segmentasi pasar dan unsur-unsur bauran pemasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pemasaran yang meliputi segmentasi pasar, produk, harga, distribusi dan strategi promosi. Pemasaran jaringan (Multi Level Marketing/MLM) saat ini sudah mulai banyak diminati oleh masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya Jepara. Dari hasil realita yang ada, peneliti mencoba untuk melihat strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh Multi Level Marketing (MLM) pada PT. Avail Elok Indonesia distributor Jepara, dimana tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui strategi pemasaran yang diterapkan oleh Multi Level Marketing (MLM) pada PT. Avail Elok Indonesia Distributor Jepara. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah distributor Avail yang telah mencapai peringkat Qualified Manager, Bronze Manager, dan Silver Manager. Teknik dalam pengambilan informasi dilapangan menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh peneliti, dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan cukup efektif, Segmentasi pasar yang digunakan adalah segmentasi demografi. Strategi produk, menawarkan produk perawatan kesehatan perorangan dengan kualitas baik sebagai pembalut (Sanitary Pad) dan minuman kesehatan. Strategi harga, membagi harga menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu harga konsumen, harga distributor dan harga paket promosi. Strategi distribusi, menyalurkan barang melalui distributor sampai dengan konsumen. Strategi promosi, menggunakan metode penjualan langsung yaitu personal selling dan promosi penjualan

Hubungan antara dukungan sosial dengan resiliensi yang dimoderatori oleh locus of control pada mahasiswa bidikmisi

Pendidikan merupakan hal yang sangat penting yang harus diberikan kepada semua orang di dunia, namun kadang berbagai alasan melatar belakangi individu tidak melanjutkan pendidikan pada jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Dan salah satu penyebab tidak melanjutkan pendidikan yakni masalah kurangnya biaya. Mahasiswa bidikmisi merupakan berlatar belakang dari mahasiswa yang mampu dalam segi akademik namun kurang mampu dalam segi ekonomi, sehingga mereka diberikan beasiswa oleh pemerintah untuk bisa melanjutkan ke jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan positif antara dukungan sosial dan resiliensi mahasiswa bidikmisi, untuk mengetahui hubungan positif antara locus of control dan resiliensi, dan untuk mengetahui hubungan positif antara dukungan social dan resiliensi dengan Locus of Control sebagai variabel moderator. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan tehnik analisis regresi berganda. Skala Resiliensi adaptasi milik Connor & Davidson (CD-RISC), skala Locus of Control adaptasi milik Levinson (MLCS), dan skala Dukungan Sosial adaptasi tesis Diana Kamilin. Hubungan antara variabel X dan Y dengan LOC sebagai mediator. . Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa bidikmisi di UIN Malang sebanyak 80 subjek Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif antara dukungan social dan resiliensi dengan locus of control sebagai moderator dengan nilai signifikansi 0.431 (

Lipid profile of Type 2 Diabetes patients attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria

This study investigated the lipid profile (LP) of type-2 diabetics and non-diabetic patients presenting at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria, with a view to assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease among the diabetics. Twenty (20) diabetic and 20 non-diabetic patients (control) formed the study population. Total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods, while the fasting blood glucose levels of the patients were assayed using the glucose oxidase method. The results showed higher mean TC and HDL-C levels among the diabetic patients than their non-diabetic counterparts and the observed differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean glucose, TG, and LDL-C were equally higher among the diabetics than their non-diabetic counterparts, but in this instance, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Regardless of the high lipid profile levels among the diabetics, the values obtained fell within acceptable range; suggesting that the patients were responding to treatment or life style changes.Keywords: Lipid Profile, Type-2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Teaching Hospita

Analisis Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Duku Komering Ilir (Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C Sahni & Bennet) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Pelarut Polar Dengan Metode DPPH (2,2 Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)

Daun duku khas Komering Ilir memiliki beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder yang memiliki potensi sebagai aktivitas biologis salah satu diantaranya sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun duku ((Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C Sahni & Bennet) K.C Sahni & Bennet) berdasarkan perbedaan pelarut polar. Metode penyarian yang digunakan adalah maserasi dalam pelarut etanol, metanol, dan air. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan digunakan metode DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) dengan kuersetin sebagai larutan standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50 pada ekstrak air daun duku adalah 1.114 ppm dengan kadar antioksidan tidak aktif. Nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol pada daun duku didapat hasil yaitu 508 ppm dengan kadar antioksidan tidak aktif, dan pada ekstrak etanol daun duku didapat hasil nilai IC50 adalah 788 ppm dengan kategori antioksidan tidak aktif

Case Study of Students' Minconception in Adding and Subtraction Fractions and Their Solutions

This research aims to analyze the causes of students’ misconceptions in addition and subtraction with unlikedenominators, along with their solutions, based on a fishbone diagram. This study was qualitative research with a collective case study design. The research subjects were students who experienced misconceptions in adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators. The result of this research was caused by student misconceptions in addition to the subtraction of fractions, unlike denominators, which are classified based on six aspects in the fishbone diagram: man, machine, method, material, measurement, and environment. This causes errors in calculation operations involving numerators and denominators without equalizing fractions, the absence of visual aids for fractions that are unlike denominators, limited teacher mobility in teaching, and a non-conducive classroom atmosphere. Moreover, the language used in textbooks may not be relevant to students’ cognitive levels, and there may be subjectivity in teachers’ assessments of student answers. Peer tutors who provide incorrect explanations to their friends, the existence of certain friendship groups, and high-category students with low communication abilities. Understanding the causes of these misconceptions can be a reference for teachers to prevent misconceptions in students