Sociétés, États, populations en Russie et en URSS

Alain Blum, directeur d’étudesFrançoise Mayer, maîtresse de conférences à l’Université Montpellier-III/Paul-Valéry Les modalités d’une violence politique. Surveillance, enquête, aveu et procès en URSS et en Europe centrale Cette année, nous avons élargi notre réflexion, qui portait sur les pratiques et techniques de surveillance et d’enquête, et leur conséquence sur les procès politiques, dans l’Europe communiste de l’après-guerre et en Union Soviétique, à des approches comparatives. Nous avo..

Sociétés, États, populations en Russie et en URSS

Alain Blum, directeur d’étudesFrançoise Mayer, maîtresse de conférences à l’Université Montpellier-III/Paul-Valéry Les modalités d’une violence politique. Surveillance, enquête, aveu et procès en URSS et en Europe centrale Cette année, nous avons élargi notre réflexion, qui portait sur les pratiques et techniques de surveillance et d’enquête, et leur conséquence sur les procès politiques, dans l’Europe communiste de l’après-guerre et en Union Soviétique, à des approches comparatives. Nous avo..

Sociétés, État, populations en Russie et en URSS

Alain Blum, directeur d’étudesFrançoise Mayer, maîtresse de conférences à l’Université Montpellier-III Les modalités d’une violence politique. Surveillance, enquête, aveu et procès en URSS et en Europe centrale Durant ce séminaire, nous avons engagé une réflexion comparative sur les pratiques et techniques de surveillance et d’enquête, et leur conséquence sur les procès politiques, dans l’Europe communiste de l’après-guerre et en Union Soviétique. La première partie de l’année a été surtout c..

Infection with a Brazilian isolate of Zika virus generates RIG‐I stimulatory RNA and the viral NS5 protein blocks type I IFN induction and signalling

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern in the Americas. We report that ZIKV infection and RNA extracted from ZIKV infected cells potently activated the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). This effect was fully dependent on the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS), implicating RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLRs) as upstream sensors of viral RNA. Indeed, RIG‐I and the related RNA sensor MDA5 contributed to type I IFN induction in response to RNA from infected cells. We found that ZIKV NS5 from a recent Brazilian isolate blocked type I IFN induction downstream of RLRs and also inhibited type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signalling. We defined the ZIKV NS5 nuclear localization signal and report that NS5 nuclear localization was not required for inhibition of signalling downstream of IFNAR. Mechanistically, NS5 blocked IFNAR signalling by both leading to reduced levels of STAT2 and by blocking phosphorylation of STAT1, two transcription factors activated by type I IFNs. Taken together, our observations suggest that ZIKV infection induces a type I IFN response via RLRs and that ZIKV interferes with this response by blocking signalling downstream of RLRs and IFNAR

Sociétés, États, populations en Russie et en URSS

Alain Blum, directeur d’étudesFrançoise Mayer, maîtresse de conférences à l’Université Montpellier-III/Paul-ValéryMarta Craveri, chercheure Les modalités d’une violence politique. Procès et déportations en URSS et en Europe centrale et orientale Nous avons poursuivi cette année notre étude des violences politiques dans le monde communiste en Europe tout en centrant de façon beaucoup plus appuyée nos propos sur la question des déplacements forcés des populations civiles des pays d’Europe centr..

Sociétés, États, populations en Russie et en URSS

Alain Blum, directeur d’étudesFrançoise Mayer, maitresse de conférences à l’Université Montpellier-III/ Paul-ValéryMarta Craveri, postdoctorante Les modalités d’une violence politique. Procès et déportations en URSS et en Europe centale et orientale Nous avons poursuivi une réflexion engagée l’année précédente sur les enquêtes et les procès politiques dans l’Europe communiste en l’élargissant à d’autres formes de répression, les déportations vers l’URSS. Cette thématique renvoie à un travail ..

Mechanisms of active laryngeal closure during non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation in non-sedated lambs

The present study stems from our recent demonstration (Moreau-Bussiere F, Samson N, St-Hilaire M, Reix P, Lafond JR, Nsegbe E, Praud JP. J Appl Physiol 102: 2149-2157, 2007) that a progressive increase in nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV) leads to active glottal closure in nonsedated, newborn lambs. The aim of the study was to determine whether the mechanisms involved in this glottal narrowing during nIPPV originate from upper airway receptors and/or from bronchopulmonary receptors. Two groups of newborn lambs were chronically instrumented for polysomnographic recording: the first group of five lambs underwent a two-step bilateral thoracic vagotomy using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (bilateral vagotomy group), while the second group, composed of six lambs, underwent chronic laryngotracheal separation (isolated upper airway group). A few days later, polysomnographic recordings were performed to assess glottal muscle electromyography during step increases in nIPPV (volume control mode). Results show that active glottal narrowing does not develop when nIPPV is applied on the upper airways only, and that this narrowing is prevented by bilateral vagotomy when nIPPV is applied on intact airways. In conclusion, active glottal narrowing in response to increasing nIPPV originates from bronchopulmonary receptors

Origins of the inhibiting effects of nasal CPAP on non-nutritive swallowing in newborn lambs

The present study was aimed at investigating the principal reflex mechanism by which non-nutritive swallowing (NNS) is inhibited by application of a nasal CPAP 6 cm H2O during quiet sleep (QS) in newborn lambs. Eighteen full-term lambs were chronically instrumented and evenly distributed into 3 separate groups to sort out whether reflex activity originates from the upper or lower airway receptors. Six lambs were tracheotomized, six other lambs underwent a 2-step bilateral intrathoracic vagotomy while the remaining 6 lambs underwent chronic laryngo-tracheal separation (isolated upper airway group). Forty-eight hours after surgery, each nonsedated lamb underwent polysomnographic recordings on 3 consecutive days. States of alertness, NNS and respiratory movements were recorded. Results demonstrate that a CPAP of 6 cm H2O inhibited NNS during QS while administered directly on the lower airways. This NNS inhibition was prevented by eliminating the vagal afferent messages originating from the bronchopulmonary receptors. However, application of CPAP on the upper airways only also inhibited NNS during QS. Finally, the application of a CPAP 6 cm H2O had no systematic effect on NNS-breathing coordination. In conclusion, our results suggest that the inhibiting effect of nasal CPAP 6 cm H2O on NNS is mainly mediated by bronchopulmonary receptors with some participation however of upper airway receptors. Our demonstration that spontaneous, non-nutritive swallowing can be modulated by bronchopulmonary receptor activity further illustrates the physiological interactions between upper and lower airways

732-1 An Institutional Experience with Second and Third Stage Palliative Procedures for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The Impact of the Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Shunt

We reviewed 71 consecutive pts who underwent stage II and III operations following stage I palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) at our institution since 1983. 6 surgeons participated in the care of these pts. Follow-up is 97% complete. We examined 17 potential risk factors for mortality, including preoperative anatomic and physiologic factors, and procedural features of the stage II operation. Multivariate analysis revealed that the only significant risk factor for stage II mortality was the performance of a non-fenestrated completion Fontan procedure (p<0.001). There were 9 hospital deaths (69%) in the 13 pts undergoing the Fontan procedure at stage II. In contrast, 49 pts underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary shunting (47) or hemi-Fontan procedure(2) as an intermediate step to the Fontan procedure with 4 (8%) early deaths. The first bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was performed in this population in 1988. Median age at this stage II procedure was 8.4 months. Surgical augmentation of the pulmonary arteries was performed in 18 (37%) pts at the time of stage II surgery and was not associated with increased operative risk. Also, HLHS anatomic subtype was not a risk factor for stage II mortality or pre-stage III attrition. There have been 2 (4%) intermediate deaths prior to the performance of a stage III procedure, which at our institution is the fenestrated Fontan procedure. This has been performed in 25 pts at a median age of 30 months with 1 early death and no mortality at a median follow-up of 22 months. There are presently 34 HLHS pts who have modified Fontan anatomy following a course of surgical palliation performed entirely at this institution. Follow-up in this group ranges up to 92 months, with a median of 28 months. 33 of these patients are NYHA class 1 or 2.2 pts have required pacemaker implantation, but there have otherwise been no surgical reinterventions in pts who have completed palliation. We conclude that the incorporation of the bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt into a course of surgical palliation for HLHS has dramatically reduced mortality in this challenging group of pts, allowing them to undergo the modified fenestrated Fontan procedure with low operative mortality and good intermediate outcome

Internal vein texture and vein evolution of the epithermal Shila-Paula district, southern Peru.

The epithermal Shila-Paula Au–Ag district is characterized by numerous veins hosted in Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Western Cordillera (southern Peru). Field studies of the ore bodies reveal a systematic association of a main E–W vein with secondary N55–60°W veins—two directions that are also reflected by the orientation of fluid-inclusion planes in quartz crystals of the host rock. In areas where this pattern is not recognized, such as the Apacheta sector, vein emplacement seems to have been guided by regional N40°E and N40°W fractures. Two main vein-filling stages are identified. stage 1 is a quartz–adularia–pyrite–galena–sphalerite–chalcopyrite–electrum–Mn silicate–carbonate assemblage that fills the main E–W veins. stage 2, which contains most of the precious-metal mineralization, is divided into pre-bonanza and bonanza substages. The pre-bonanza substage consists of a quartz–adularia–carbonate assemblage that is observed within the secondary N45–60°W veins, in veinlets that cut the stage 1 assemblage, and in final open-space fillings. The two latter structures are finally filled by the bonanza substage characterized by a Fe-poor sphalerite–chalcopyrite–pyrite–galena–tennantite–tetrahedrite–polybasite–pearceite–electrum assemblage. The ore in the main veins is systematically brecciated, whereas the ore in the secondary veins and geodes is characteristic of open-space crystallization. Microthermometric measurements on sphalerite from both stages and on quartz and calcite from stage 2 indicate a salinity range of 0 to 15.5 wt% NaCl equivalent and homogenization temperatures bracketed between 200 and 330°C. Secondary CO2-, N2- and H2S-bearing fluid inclusions are also identified. The age of vein emplacement, based on 40Ar/39Ar ages obtained on adularia of different veins, is estimated at around 11 Ma, with some overlap between adularia of stage 1 (11.4±0.4 Ma) and of stage 2 (10.8±0.3 Ma). A three-phase tectonic model has been constructed to explain the vein formation. Phase 1 corresponds to the assumed development of E–W sinistral shear zones and associated N60°W cleavages under the effects of a NE–SW shortening direction that is recognized at Andean scale. These structures contain the stage 1 ore assemblage that was brecciated during ongoing deformation. Phase 2 is a reactivation of earlier structures under a NW–SE shortening direction that allowed the reopening of the preexisting schistosity and the formation of scarce N50°E-striking S2-cleavage planes filled by the stage 2 pre-bonanza minerals. Phase 3 coincides with the bonanza ore emplacement in the secondary N45–60°W veins and also in open-space in the core of the main E–W veins. Our combined tectonic, textural, mineralogical, fluid-inclusion, and geochronological study presents a complete model of vein formation in which the reactivation of previously formed tectonic structures plays a significant role in ore formation