Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Schiff Base Analogues of 3-(4-amino) Phenylimino) 5-fluoroindolin-2-one

In our study, a series of novel 3-(4-(benzylideneamino) phenylimino) 4-fluoroindolin-2-one derivatives were synthesized and characterized by spectral (I.R, 1H NMR, mass) and elemental analysis. The title compounds (N1-N10) were evaluated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic index activities. Results displayed that compound N3 exhibited significant analgesic activity. Among the title compounds studied, N2, N3, and N8 exhibited significant anti- inflammatory activity comparable to reference standard diclofenac sodium. Interestingly, the test compounds showed only mild ulcerogenic side effect when compared to aspirin

Protocol: high-efficiency in-planta Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic hairy root induction of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis

Abstract Background Camellia sinensis var. sinensis is widely grown for tea beverages that possess significant health promoting effects. Studies on tea plant genetics and breeding are hindered due to its recalcitrance to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Among the possible reasons, oxidation of phenolics released from explant tissues and bactericidal effects of tea polyphenols during the process of transformation play a role in the plant recalcitrance. The aim of the present study was to alleviate the harmful effects of phenolic compounds using in-planta transformation. Results Two-month old seedlings of tea cultivar “Nong Kangzao” were infected at the hypocotyl with wild type Agrobacterium rhizogenes and maintained in an environment of high humidity. 88.3% of infected plants developed hairy roots at the wounded site after 2 months of infection. Our data indicated that transgenic hairy root induction of tea can be achieved using A. rhizogenes following the optimized protocol. Conclusion With this method, composite tea plants containing wild-type shoots with transgenic roots can be generated for “in root” gene functional characterization and root-shoot interaction studies. Moreover, this method can be applied to improve the root system of composite tea plants for a better resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses

The Role and Significance of <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> Species in Thai Fermented Foods

Fermented foods (FFs) are prepared through controlled or spontaneous microbial growth, promoting the conversion of complex food components by microbial enzymatic action. FFs are common in the cuisine of Southeast Asian countries. Furthermore, FFs have recently become popular worldwide, due to their proposed and proven beneficial health effects. The microbes present in FFs affect the quality, taste, and flavor of the food. Thailand is famous for its versatile range of foods, especially FFs. Fermented beans, fish, meat, sausages, vegetables, and fruits are commonly consumed in Thailand. Thai fermented foods (TFFs) are a key source of bioactive micro-organisms and molecules, and several studies have detailed the isolation, identification, and characterization of potent microbial strains from TFFs; however, a detailed literature review of Bacillus and Lactobacillus species in TFFs is not available. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the available information on representative TFFs, as well as Bacillus and Lactobacillus species in TFFs and their bioactive properties

The Role and Significance of Bacillus and Lactobacillus Species in Thai Fermented Foods

Fermented foods (FFs) are prepared through controlled or spontaneous microbial growth, promoting the conversion of complex food components by microbial enzymatic action. FFs are common in the cuisine of Southeast Asian countries. Furthermore, FFs have recently become popular worldwide, due to their proposed and proven beneficial health effects. The microbes present in FFs affect the quality, taste, and flavor of the food. Thailand is famous for its versatile range of foods, especially FFs. Fermented beans, fish, meat, sausages, vegetables, and fruits are commonly consumed in Thailand. Thai fermented foods (TFFs) are a key source of bioactive micro-organisms and molecules, and several studies have detailed the isolation, identification, and characterization of potent microbial strains from TFFs; however, a detailed literature review of Bacillus and Lactobacillus species in TFFs is not available. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the available information on representative TFFs, as well as Bacillus and Lactobacillus species in TFFs and their bioactive properties

A novel data processing method CyC* for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction minimizes cumulative error.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is routinely conducted for DNA quantitative analysis using the cycle-threshold (Ct) method, which assumes uniform/optimum template amplification. In practice, amplification efficiencies vary from cycle to cycle in a PCR reaction, and often decline as the amplification proceeds, which results in substantial errors in measurement. This study reveals the cumulative error for quantification of initial template amounts, due to the difference between the assumed perfect amplification efficiency and actual one in each amplification cycle. The novel CyC* method involves determination of both the earliest amplification cycle detectable above background ("outlier" C*) and the amplification efficiency over the cycle range from C* to the next two amplification cycles; subsequent analysis allows the calculation of initial template amount with minimal cumulative error. Simulation tests indicated that the CyC* method resulted in significantly less variation in the predicted initial DNA level represented as fluorescence intensity F0 when the outlier cycle C* was advanced to an earlier cycle. Performance comparison revealed that CyC* was better than the majority of 13 established qPCR data analysis methods in terms of bias, linearity, reproducibility, and resolution. Actual PCR test also suggested that relative expression levels of nine genes in tea leaves obtained using CyC* were much closer to the real value than those obtained with the conventional 2-ΔΔCt method. Our data indicated that increasing the input of initial template was effective in advancing emergence of the earliest amplification cycle among the tested variants. A computer program (CyC* method) was compiled to perform the data processing. This novel method can minimize cumulative error over the amplification process, and thus, can improve qPCR analysis

A simplified methodology for mitigating the harmonics and common-mode voltage using multi-level inverters for renewable energy applications

Multi-level inverters have outstanding construction, making it feasible to achieve high voltage levels with less THD value. These harmonics can be mitigated by decreasing the number of voltage switches and DC links in the modified cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter. This research deals with the novel 15-level inverter and reducing the number of power switches. The proposed work consists of three simulation circuits, one with 10 switches and the second with 12 switches. The mitigation of harmonics, voltage stress, and common-mode voltage is achieved with the help of modifying the pulses of the switches in the proposed 10 switches topology. Additionally, a filter is applied at the terminal to reduce the overall THD value for variable AC load applications. The multi-level inverter can generate the high-level output with less harmonics, losses, and common-mode voltage with the help of low switching frequencies. These types of a multi-level inverters are used in renewable energy applications. Finally, the simulation of a 15-level novel inverter is carried out with the help of MATLAB/Simulink software and compared with the conventional cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter. The total harmonics distortion for modified CHBMI with 12 switches with or without filter and modified CHBMI with 10 switches with or without are mitigated as 13.53, 6.91, 12.86, and 4.56, respectively, compared to the conventional method with 28 switches. The proposed method is implemented in the hardware to validate the simulated results of the proposed topology.Scopu

Effect of Medium Supplements on Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Hairy Root Induction from the Callus Tissues of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation largely due to the bactericidal effects of tea polyphenols and phenolics oxidation induced by necrosis of explant tissue over the process of transformation. In this study, different antioxidants/adsorbents were added as supplements to the co-cultivation and post co-cultivation media to overcome these problems for the transformation improvement. Tea-cotyledon-derived calli were used as explants and Agrobacterium rhizognes strain ATCC 15834 was used as a mediator. Results showed that Agrobacterium growth, virulence (vir) gene expression and browning of explant tissue were greatly influenced by different supplements. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts medium supplemented with 30 g·L−1 sucrose, 0.1 g·L−1 l-glutamine and 5 g·L−1 polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) as co-cultivation and post co-cultivation media could maintain these parameters better that ultimately led to significant improvement of hairy root generation efficiency compared to that in the control (MS + 30 g·L−1 sucrose). Additionally, the reporter genes β-glucuronidase (gusA) and cyan fluorescent protein (cfp) were also stably expressed in the transgenic hairy roots. Our study would be helpful in establishing a feasible approach for tea biological studies and genetic improvement of tea varieties