ADS modules

We study the class of ADS rings and modules introduced by Fuchs. We give some connections between this notion and classical notions such as injectivity and quasi-continuity. A simple ring R such that R is ADS as a right R-module must be either right self-injective or indecomposable as a right R-module. Under certain conditions we can construct a unique ADS hull up to isomorphism. We introduce the concept of completely ADS modules and characterize completely ADS semiperfect right modules as direct sum of semisimple and local modules.Comment: 7 page

A NOTE ON ALMOST INJECTIVE MODULES

We give some new properties of almost injective modules and their endomorphism rings, and also provide conditions as to when a direct sum of almost injective (or CS) modules is again almost injective (or CS) in some special cases..</p

Developmental nmda receptor dysregulation in the infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis mouse model

Protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation alter protein function. This post-translational modification is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1), a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of protein depalmitoylation in synaptic maturation is unknown. Therefore, we studied synapse development in Ppt1-/- mouse visual cortex. We demonstrate that the developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit switch from GluN2B to GluN2A is stagnated in Ppt1-/- mice. Correspondingly, Ppt1-/- neurons exhibit immature evoked NMDAR currents and dendritic spine morphology in vivo. Further, dissociated Ppt1-/- cultured neurons show extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vulnerability to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, reflecting the predominance of GluN2B-containing receptors. Remarkably, Ppt1-/- neurons demonstrate hyperpalmitoylation of GluN2B as well as Fyn kinase, which regulates surface retention of GluN2B. Thus, PPT1 plays a critical role in postsynapse maturation by facilitating the GluN2 subunit switch and proteostasis of palmitoylated proteins

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV): Levels of Knowledge and Awareness in Bahrain

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS−CoV) was first identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 2012 that accounts 80% of the global cases. On 10th of April 2016, Bahrain notified WHO of a first fatal case. Hence, as a public health research and practice, the authors sought to assess the knowledge and awareness of MERS-CoV in Bahrain. A cross-sectional, conveniently sampled study was carried out through face-to-face interviews using a structured Arabic questionnaire among 498 Bahraini adults. While, 95% had a travel history to KSA, around 50% had the knowledge and awareness of MERS CoV being a viral lethal disease and its associated symptoms. Stratifying by socio-demographics, the authors found that the levels ofeducation, occupation, history of travel to KSA were significantly associated with the knowledge and awareness of MERS CoV (p &lt; 0.05). On the preventive measures of MERS CoV, occupation and history of travel to KSA were significantly associated (p &lt; 0.05). Considering the first notified case from Bahrain, proximity and travel history to KSA of 95% of the Bahrainis, the knowledge and awareness of MERS CoV is found to be inadequate. Therefore, the knowledge and awareness campaign on MERS CoV is pivotal as a good public health practice. Keywords: MERS-CoV, Knowledge, Awareness, Bahrai

NGAL is downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leads to increased survival, proliferation, migration and chemoresistance

Oral cancer is a major public health burden worldwide. The lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis has increased the difficulty in managing this disease. Recent studies have reported that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, is upregulated in various tumors. In our study, we found that NGAL was significantly downregulated in primary malignant and metastatic tissues of oral cancer in comparison to normal tissues. The downregulation of NGAL was strongly correlated with both degree of differentiation and stage (I–IV); it can also serve as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. Additionally, tobacco carcinogens were found to be involved in the downregulation of NGAL. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of NGAL increased oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it also induced resistance against cisplatin. Silencing of NGAL activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)signaling and reduced autophagy by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p53-Redd1 signaling axis. Moreover, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were upregulated, and caspase-9 was downregulated, suggesting that silencing of NGAL increases oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Thus, from our study, it is evident that downregulation of NGAL activates the mTOR pathway and helps in the progression of oral cancer