Survival and disinfection of SARS-Cov-2 in environment and contaminated surface

The detection of SARS-Cov-2 in the sewage and water resources has increased the awareness among the people about the possibility survival of SARS-Cov-2 in the environment and the potential to transmit into the human through food chain or water resources. Moreover, the surface contaminated by the virus need to be disinfected frequently by using an effective disinfectant, the current chapter discussed the efficiency of the most traditional treatment process of the sewage and wastewater, and their role in the elimination of the virus as well as the sterility assurance level concept. Moreover, the chemical disinfectant used currently and their temporary efficiency has been reviewed

Predictive model and near infrared spectroscopy in predicting the diesel fuel properties

Monitoring the diesel fuel properties play an important role in the performance of vehicle engines. Near-infrared (NIR) technology has been investigated as an alternative to monitor the diesel fuel properties. NIR spectroscopy shows an enormous potential for quantitative analysis of complex samples by coupling with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Although a single layer ANN shows promising in the establishing better relationship between a component of interest and NIR spectrum, a different algorithm for updating weight that has been proved to improve the performance of the multilayer could further reveal the potential of single linear layer ANN in NIR spectroscopic analysis. Therefore, this study investigates the performance of a single layer ANN that trained with LevenbergMarquardt (SLM) and that trained with Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SSCG) and compares the proposed methods with multilayer ANN that trained with same learning algori thms. Results were evaluated and discussed with previous studies that used the same data sets to establish the relationship between the NIR spectral data and diesel fuel properties. Finding depicts that the proposed SLM and SSCG were capable of predicting the diesel fuel properties using NIR spectrum without data reduction, and achieving better accuracy in predicting the diesel fuel properties compared with other recent methods. In addition, using a proposed genetic algorithm for data reduction to improve the predictive model of the proposed method

Pathophysiology, histopathology and therapeutic of SARS-CoV-2

The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the world has induced the scientist to understand the histopathology of the virus and then to find an effective drug. However, many of the point associated with the virus pathogenicity still unknown and need more studies. In this chapter the pathophysiology, histopathology and therapeutic of SARS-CoV-2 has been reviewed. It was appeared that pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 is belonging to the viral with genome structure which acting by blocking the host innate immune response. Both chloroquine and hydroxyl-chloroquine have similar structure and mechanism action and they are among the most effective antiviral for treating the patents with the SARS-CoV-2. Chloroquine works by inhibition the intracellular organism by increasing the pH

Pharmaceuticals active compounds in the aquatic environment: a review

Pharmaceutical active substances utilised to treat human and animal diseases can launch into the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants and direct disposal of pharmaceutical compounds. Some of these compounds arrive in the environment as a parent compound or as active/inactive metabolites. Owing to their pharmacological action, their conceptions in the environment are significant, and thus this chapter reviews the understanding of the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment

An Overview of Dye Wastewater and Its Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation with Iron Chloride

The chapter discusses an overview of the removal of colour, COD, turbidity and TSS from dye wastewater using iron chloride as a coagulant in coagulation-flocculation process. This chapter explained dye wastewater definition and characteristics, dye wastewater treatment methods and factors that influence the coagulation-flocculation processes of dye wastewater treatment. The chapter also gives an explanation about various chemical coagulant used in dye wastewater treatment process and the efficiency of these coagulants

Food waste composting in cafeterias: a case study

Excessive waste has become the environmental issue that cannot be neglected. Food wastes are among the waste that filled up the landfill sites and they are abundance. The impacts of massive mountains of food waste in the landfills affect the local community surrounding the area. They do not only cause unattractive sight but also produce bad odour and gas such as methane gas. This gas is dangerous than any greenhouse gasses because it can easily explode. Another problem is leachate, which can affect the clean ground water. Thus, this project proposes a conventional method to reduce the food waste by composting. The proposed approach is made because the compost materials will breakdown and can be used as fertilizer for gardening. As the project reached the end, it is found that composting is a very effective way to reduce food waste and it gives more benefits

Ciprofloxacin removal from non-clinical environment: A critical review of current methods and future trend prospects

Antibiotics in the environment represent a significant threat to global public health. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of the second generation groups of synthetic fluoroquinolones and the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. The current work aimed to review and analyze the current methods used for eliminating CIP and identify the ap�proaches for more advanced technologies that could provide more removal efficiency for CIP removal from the non-clinical environment. The VOSviewer software tool was used to build and visualize bibliometric networks by creating a map based on bibliographic data for keywords and most countries published on the CIP removal from the Scopus database. The present review analyses the sustainable methods for removing CIP from the non-clinical environment and highlights the most efficient techniques used to remove CIP. The adsorption process of CIP is highly efficient, with a removal percentage of 95%. The microbial electrolysis ultraviolet cell (MEUC) procedure removed 100% of CIP. The degradation of CIP by UV/H2O2/O3 and its sub-processes increased the degradation of CIP from 41.2% to 98.5%. The photocatalytic degradation exhibit 92.81% removal of CIP from wastewater samples. The three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene has excellent adsorption properties to eliminate CIP by 93% in water purification. Each method has advantages and disadvantages based on price, time and presence of toxic by-products. This review is expected to serve as a base for recent research and assist researchers in developing alternative CIP treatment approaches with more efficient removal methods

Kemahiran boleh pindah dalam kalangan pelajar kejuruteraan di IPTA

Kemahiran boleh pindah didefinisikan sebagai kemahiran yang dimiliki oleh individu yang mempunyai kepelbagaian pengetahuan, nilai-nilai serta kemahiran hidup asas (life skills) yang diperlukan demi mendapatkan dan mengekalkan pekerjaan sedia ada. Kajian berbentuk tinjauan kuantitatif ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti persepsi pelajar terhadap tahap kesedaran kepentingan kemahiran boleh pindah dan tahap penguasaannya dari aspek adaptif, pemikiran kritis dan penyelesaian masalah. Di samping itu, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti perbezaan persepsi pelajar terhadap tahap kesedaran kepentingan kemahiran boleh pindah dan perbezaan terhadap tahap penguasaannya di antara lelaki dan perempuan. Seramai 297 orang pelajar kejuruteraan tahun tiga lepasan matrikulasi Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia telah terpilih sebagai responden untuk menjawab borang soal selidik. Data dianalisis dengan mencari nilai skor min dan Ujian-t tidak bersandar menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa persepsi pelajar terhadap tahap kesedaran kepentingan kemahiran boleh pindah dan tahap penguasaannya berada pada tahap tinggi dengan nilai skor min 4.0864 dan 4.0282. Kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya perbezaan yang signifikan dalam skor min persepsi pelajar terhadap tahap kesedaran kepentingan kemahiran boleh pindah antara lelaki dan perempuan dengan nilai t signifikan 0.003. Namun begitu, hasil analisis menunjukkan tiada perbezaan bagi tahap penguasaannya dengan nilai t signifikan 0.327. Secara keseluruhannya, kesedaran yang tinggi akan membantu pelajar untuk menguasai keseluruhan kemahiran dengan sempurna. Ia juga boleh dijadikan panduan bagi pelajar untuk mengenal pasti elemen dan ciri-ciri yang diperlukan oleh majikan pada masa kini

Optimization of Fixed-Bed Sequencing Bio-Reactors Using Jute Fibre for Seafood Processing Wastewater Treatment

Seafood processing wastewater has high contents of nitrogen and ammonia which are the key for occurring eutrophication. Therefore, the present study was performed to optimize the seafood processing wastewater treatment using activated sludge and jute fiber in the sequencing batch reactor (JF-SBR) compared to conventional SBR. The optimization was studied based on aeration and aeration time using response surface methodology. The results revealed that the JF-SBR has higher efficiency compared to the conventional SBR in the removal of BOD (66.86% vs. 53.52%), ammonia nitrogen (AN) (68.75% vs. 50.86%), COD (66.86% vs. 53.52%), TSS (95.65% vs. 78.26%), nitrite (100% vs. 50%), and nitrate (91.67% vs. 83.33%). The optimal removal of these parameters was recorded after 18.5 hrs with 44.14 L/min of aeration rate in both JF-SBR and SBR. These finding demonstrated that the JF-SBR is the viable option to treat seafood wastewater for safe disposal.&nbsp

Characteristics of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater

The chicken slaughterhouse wastewater is a class of wastewater, which is heavily polluted with organic matters including proteins, blood residues, fats and lard. Therefore, the direct discharged of untreated chicken slaughterhouse wastewater into the environment is associated with the occurrence of eutrophication phenomenon. In the present study, the characteristics of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater were investigated to ascertain the role of these wastes in the adverse effect on the environment and natural water system. The parameter tested included biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), orthophosphate (PO4 3-), temperature and pH. The results revealed available high concentrations of BOD (1,341 - 1,821 ± 242.7 mg L1 ), COD (3,154.19 - 7,719.3 ± 2,282.69 mg L-1), TSS (377.67 - 5,462 ± 2,696.1 mg L-1) which have exceeded the EQA1974 standard limits for disposal of wastewater into the environment. The concentrations of TN (162.6 -563.8 ± 215 mg L-1) and PO4 3- (7.047 - 17.111 ± 4.25 mg L-1) were within the range required for microalgae growth which confirm their role in the occurrence of eutrophication phenomenon. It can be concluded that the direct discharge of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater contributes negatively on the environmental biodiversity and thus they should be subjected for an effective treated before the final disposal