The chapter discusses an overview of the removal of colour, COD, turbidity and TSS from dye wastewater using iron chloride as a coagulant in coagulation-flocculation process. This chapter explained dye wastewater definition and characteristics, dye wastewater treatment methods and factors that influence the coagulation-flocculation processes of dye wastewater treatment. The chapter also gives an explanation about various chemical coagulant used in dye wastewater treatment process and the efficiency of these coagulants

Abbas, Mohanad Jawad

Al-Sahari, Mohammed

Radin Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira

Saeed Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

3 0000 00110174 4 PSZ 19: 16 (pind. l/97) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS. JUDUL: MICROSTRIP SIERPINSKI CARPET ANTENNA DESIGN SESI PENGAJlAN: 2004/2005 Saya NOORSAJ.[ZA BI ABDlll.I.AH (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/SllIjana/Delaer Falsafab)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Telmologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sabagai pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (.f ) D SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdllljah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam (AKT A RAHSIA RASMI 1972) D TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) D TIDAK TERHAD 2t: . ..... ~oleh (T ANDAT ANGAN PENULIS) (T ANDAT ANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: Nama Penyelia: KG. DANGGOL BELIMBING. JALAN JENUN. 06700. PENDANG. KEDAB. DR. MOHAMAD KAMAL DINA. RAHIM Tarikh: 4 APRIL 2005 Tarikh: 4 APRIL 2005 CATATAN: • Potong yang tidak. berkenaan. •• Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan sural daripada pihak berkuasalorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. • Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai lesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Saljana secara penyeJidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyeJidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM). "I hereby declared that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this project is fully adequate in scope and quality, as dissertation for Master of Engineering ( Electical-Electronics & Telecommunications)" Signature Name : DR. MOHAMAD KAMAL BIN A. RAHIM Date : 4th of APRIL 2005 MICROSTRIP SIERPINSKI CARPET ANTENNA DESIGN NOORSALIZA BT ABDULLAH A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering ( Electrical-Electronics & Telecommunications) Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia MARCH, 2005 DECLARA TION "It is hereby declared that the materials presented in this thesis are the results of my own work except as cited as reference." Signature Name Date ,Ylc' : NOORSALIZA BT ABDULLAH : 4th of APRIL 2005 ii 111 To my beloved parents: Thank you for giving me the chance to be what J can be. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my thankfulness to my supervisor Dr Mohamad Kamal A Rahim for his invaluable guidance, patience and support through the completion of this project. I also would like to thanks En Mohammad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz for his help on experimental testing. lV Finally, I would like to thank everyone that has been involved in this project directly or indirectly for their help and contribution. v ABSTRACT Low cost of fabrication and low profile features of microstrip antennas, attract many researchers to investigate the perfonnance of this antenna in various ways. Fractal antenna is a new member in the family of antennas. They have peculiar properties that make them suitable for applications where wideband and multiband are important parameters of the overall perfonnance. Fractal technology allowed us to design miniature antennas and integrate multiple telecommunication services such as cellular ( GSM 900 and GSM 1800 ), wireless LAN, GPS and hiperLAN2 into a single device. Microstrip sierpinski carpet antenna and sierpinski carpet monopole antenna are designed in this project. The main objective of this project is to design a multiband antenna. The design involved simulations, fabrications and measurements. Mathcad 2001 is used to obtain the size of the basic square patch antenna and simulation was done using Micropatch v.2 and Microwave Office. The fabrication and testing was done at Wireless Communication Centre (WCC). Wideband and multiband operation was observed in sierpinski carpet monopole antenna. V1 ABSTRAK Ciri-ciri antena microjalur yang berprofil rendah dan kos fabrikasi yang murah telah membuka laluan kepada para penyelidik untuk mengkaji prestasi antena ini dalam pelbagai cara. Antena pecahan ini masih dikategorikan barn dalam antenna. Antena pecahan ini mempunyai ciri-ciri khusus yang membolehkan ia digunakan dalam aplikasi yang mana jalur lebar dan jalur banyak merupakan parameter yang penting bagi menentukan prestasi keseluruhan. Tekoologi pecahan ini membenarkan kita merekabentuk antena yang bersaiz kecil dan memuatkan pelbagai servis telekomunikasi seperti GSM ( GSM 900 dan GSM 1800), wirelessLAN, GPS dan hiperLAN2 didalam satu peranti sahaja Antena tampal pecahan mikrojalur dan antena hamparan tegak direka dalam projek ini. Objektif utama projek ini adalah untuk merekabentuk antena yang mempunyai banyak jalur frekuensi. Proses yang terlibat dalam merekabentuk antena ini ialah simulasi, fabrikasi dan pengukuran. Program Mathcad 2001 digunakan bagi mendapatkan saiz antena segiempat tampal dan simulasi dilakukan menggunakan Micropatch v.2 dan Microwave Office. Fabrikasi dan pengukuran dilakukan di makmal Pusat Perhubungan Tanpa Wayar (WeC). Antena hamparan tegak dapat beroperasi dalam jalur lebar dan banyak frekuensi. CHAPTER CHAPTER I CHAPTER II TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE Declaration Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Abstrak Table of contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Symbols INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 1.1 Project Background 1.2 Objective 1.3 Scope of Work 1.4 Dissertation Overview ANTENNA THEORY 2.1 Introduction to Antenna 2.2 Antenna Properties PAGE ii iii iv v vi vii Xl XII xiv 1 1 2 3 3 5 5 6 VII CHAPTER III 2.2.1 Impedance 2.2.2 VSWR 2.2.3 Bandwidth 2.2.4 Radiation Pattern & 3 dB Beamwidth 2.2.5 Gain 2.2.6 Polarization 2.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 2.3.1 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 2.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 2.3.3 Feeding Techniques 2.3.3.1 Microstrip line feeding 2.3.3.2 Coaxial probe 2.3.3.3 Aperture coupler feed 2.3.3.4 Proximity coupled feed 2.3.4 Method of analysis 2.3.4.1 Transmision line model 2.4 Fractal antenna 2.4.1 Fractal geometry 2.4.1.1 Koch curves 2.4.1.2 Sierpinski gasket 2.4.1.3 Sierpinski carpet 2.4.2 Self-similarity 2.4.3 Fractal dimension 2.4.4 Engineering application of fractal 2.4.5 Fractal in antenna engineering 2.4.6 Fractal antenna elements 2.5 Conclusion MICROSTRIP SIERPINSKI CARPET ANTENNA DESIGN 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Antenna Structure 6 6 7 9 11 12 14 14 16 17 17 19 20 21 23 23 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 40 40 41 Vlli ix 3.2.1 Basic Square Patch Antenna 41 3.2.2 First Iteration of Micros trip Sierpinski Carpet Antenna 43 3.2.3 Second iteration of Micros trip Sierpinski Carpet Antenna 44 3.3 Fabrication 46 3.4 Conclusion 49 CHAPTER IV SIMULATIONS 50 4.1 Micropatch 2.0 50 4.1.1 Spdesign 51 4.1.2 Rpanalyz 53 4.2 Microwave Office 54 4.3 Conclusion 56 CHAPTER V RESULTS ANALYSIS 57 5.1 Microwave Office 2001 57 5.1.1 Basic square patch antenna 57 5.1.2 First iteration of square patch antenna 59 5.1.3 Second iteration of square patch antenna 62 5.2 Measurements 67 5.2.1 Microstrip fractal patch antenna 67 5.2.2 Sierpinski carpet monopole antenna 70 5.3 Discussion 73 5.4 Problems 74 5.5 Conclusion 74 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Future works REFERENCES APPENDIX Appendix A 1-A3 75 76 77 79 x Xl LIST OF TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 The characteristics of the different feeding technique 22 2.2 Fractal dimension 34 3.1 Laminate specification 40 5.1 Simulation results for second iteration structure 64 5.2 Measurements results for microstrip sierpinski carpet antenna 68 xii LIST OF FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Frequency response for antenna 8 2.2 Radiation pattern and 3dB beam width 9 2.3 A rectangular patch antenna 15 2.4 Microstrip line feeding 18 2.5 Probe fed for rectangular patch antenna 19 2.6 Aperture coupled feed 20 2.7 Proximity coupled feed 22 2.8 Microstrip line 23 2.9 Electric field lines 23 2.10 Microstrip patch antenna 25 2.11 Top view of the antenna 26 2.12 Side view of the antenna 26 2.13 The first stages in construction of Koch curve 29 2.14 The first stages in construction of sierpinski gasket 30 2.15 The first stages in construction of sierpinski carpet 31 2.16 The self-similarity of sierpinski gasket 33 3.1 Square patch antenna 42 3.2 First iteration of sierpinski carpet fractal antenna 44 3.3 Second iteration of sierpinski carpet fractal antenna 46 3.4 Fabrication process from beginning 47 3.5 Microstrip fractal patch antenna 48 3.6 Sierpinski carpet monopole antenna 48 4.1 Design parameter in Micropatch 2.0 52 xiii 4.2 Optimization 52 4.3 Screen shot of Microwave Office 56 5.1 Square patch antenna layout 58 5.2 Return loss of square patch antenna 58 5.3 Polar plot for square patch antenna, frequency 1.82 GHz 59 5.4 First iteration antenna layout 60 5.5 Return loss for first iteration 60 5.6 Polar plot for first band, frequency 4.3 GHz 61 5.7 Polar plot for second band, frequency 5.8 GHz 62 5.8 Second iteration antenna layout 63 5.9 Return loss for second iteration 63 5.10 Polar plot for first band, frequency 4.15 GHz 64 5.11 Polar plot for second band, frequency 5.3 GHz 65 5.12 Polar plot for third band, frequency 6.6 GHz 65 5.13 Polar plot for fourth band, frequency 8.1 GHz 66 5.14 Polar plot for fifth band, frequency 9.25 GHz 66 5.15 Microstrip sierpinski carpet antenna 68 5.16 Return loss 68 5.17 E-plane for co-polar and cross-polar, frequency 2.59 GHz 69 5.18 E-plane for co-polar and cross-polar, frequency 5.2 GHz 70 5.19 Sierpinski carpet monopole antenna 71 5.20 Return loss for Sierpinski carpet monopole antenna 71 5.21 Polar plot for co-polar and cross-polar, frequency 2.73 GHz72 5.22 Polar plot for co-polar and cross-polar, frequency 4.29 GHz 72 5.23 Input return loss for measurement and simulation 73 BW f L W h tan 0 V G &r &elf c VSWR CW CCW LIST OF SYMBOLS Bandwidth Frequency Length of the Microstrip Patch Antenna Width of the Microstrip Patch Antenna Substrate thickness Loss tangent of dielectric material voltage Gain Relative Permittivity Effective Relative Permittivity Fringe factor Velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space Voltage standing Wave Ratio Clock wise Counter clock wise xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Modem telecommunication systems require antennas with wider bandwidths and smaUer dimensions than conventionally possible. This has initiated antenna research in various directions, one of which is by using fractal shaped antenna elements. In recent years several fractal geometries have been introduced for antenna applications with varying degrees of success in improving antenna characteristics. Some of these geometries have been particularly useful in reducing the size of the antenna, while other designs aim at incorporating multi-band characteristics. Yet no significant progress has been made in corroborating fractal properties of these geometries with characteristics of antennas. Several antenna configurations based on fractal geometries have been reported in recent years. These are low profile antennas with moderate gain and can be made operative at multiple frequency bands and hence are multi-functional. In this work the multi-band (multifunctional) aspect of antenna designs are explored further with special emphasis on identifYing fractal properties that impact antenna multi-band characteristics. To lay foundations for the understanding of the behavior of such antennas, the nature of fractal geometries is explained first, before presenting the status of literature on antennas using such geometries. Fractal geometry allows us to design a miniature antenna and integrate multiple telecommunication services into single device. One of the most relevant trends for wireless devices is miniaturization. Miniaturization become important for the next generation of antennas for wireless applications which have to integrate multiple services such as cellular (GSM 900 and GSM 18(0), wireless LAN 2.4 GHz, GPS 1.575 GHz, radio and hiperLAN2 5.25GHz into one device such as handsets, laptops and PDAs. In this situation, we need the smallest antenna to make use of the available wireless service and for coverage of the different frequency bands is made possible with multiple-band antenna design. 1.2 Objective 2 Objective of this project is to design and fabricate a multi band antenna using sierpinski carpet fractal antenna and microstrip fractal antenna. Parameters that influence antenna's performance in term of matching and bandwidth are studied to achieve this objective. Design and fabrication processes are based on simulation using Microwave Office. 1.3 Scope of Work Scope of this project:-i. Design and fabricate a sierpinski carpet fractal antenna and a microstrip fractal antenna. ll. Investigate the performance of the sierpinski carpet fractal antenna and microstrip fractal antenna. 1.4 Disser1ation Overview In this dissertation, several topics are covered and they are organized into six chapters. This first chapter, the introduction to the project, gives an explanation of the objective, scope of work and project background. Chapter II begin with the description of antenna characteristics. This is followed by discussion of relevant theory and literature review on the designed antenna structures. Matching techniques and method of analysis are also presented. Chapter III presents the antenna design procedure and the fabrication of the designed antennas. This chapter discusses the design of basic microstrip square patch antenna and microstrip fractal patch antenna. Chapter IV presents brief description of software used in designing and simulating the antenna structures. Some examples of the simulation results are included. 3 Chapter V presents some results and analysis that obtained from simulation and measurement. Chapter VI presents the conclusions for this thesis. Some ideas for future works of this project are suggested. 4 CHAPTER II ANTENNA THEORY 2.1 Introduction to the antenna Antenna is the device for radiating or receiving electromagnetic wave in free space. The antenna is the interface between transmission line and free space. Antenna passive is the reciprocal devices. It can be used for transmitting or receiving signal. Antenna active is not the reciprocal devices. Passive antenna has various shape and geometries such as wire antennas, aperture antennas and printed antennas. Dipole antennas, loop antennas and helix antennas are classified as wire antennas while hom antennas and slot antennas are classified as aperture antennas. For printed antennas, there have patch antennas and printed slot antennas. Patch antennas is being discuss further in this chapter. 2.2 Antenna Properties To describe the performance of an antenna, definitions of various properties are necessary. Some of the basic properties of antennas are discussed below. 2.2.1 Impedance 6 The input impedance of the antenna must identically match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line in order to achieve maximum energy transfer between a transmission line and an antenna. If the input impedance of the antenna does not match with the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, a reflected wave will be generated at the antenna teminal and travel back towards the energy source. This reflection of energy results in a reduction in the overall system efficiency. This loss in efficiency will occur if the antenna is used to transmit or receive energy. 2.2.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) VSWR is the ratio between the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage along the transmission line. The equation ofVSWR is given by: 1+lr l VSWR=-II 1- r (2.1 ) 

An Overview of Dye Wastewater and Its Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation with Iron Chloride

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