The Impact of Accounting Measurement of Financial Instruments at Fair Value on Stock Prices Changes for Banks: an Empirical Study on Companies Listed on Iraqi Stock Exchange

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine is the relationship between the accounting measurement of financial instruments at fair value and changes in stock prices for banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between the fair value measurement of financial instruments and changes in stock prices and, if so, to what extent this relationship exists. The study may also aim to identify any factors that may influence this relationship and to provide insights and recommendations for stakeholders, such as investors, regulators, and financial institutions.   Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework for the study may be based on financial reporting theory, which suggests that the financial statements of a company should provide information that is useful for decision-making by stakeholders. This may include information on the company's financial performance, financial position, and cash flows. The accounting measurement of financial instruments at fair value may have a significant impact on the stock prices of banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. Banks that adopt fair value accounting for financial instruments may experience more volatility in their stock prices compared to banks that do not use this method.   Design/ Methodology: A qualitative methodology is used in the study. Given the specifics of the topic at hand, and in an effort to provide a solution and test certain hypotheses, the theoretical research relied on a descriptive method, discussing relevant studies and theoretical literature to examine the many ideas and aspects of fair value measurement.   Findings: The study's findings could contribute to the existing literature on the impact of fair value accounting on stock prices and provide further insight into the subject. The results of the study could be used to inform future research on this topic, including the development of new models or hypotheses. The study's findings could be used by banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange to assess the potential impact of adopting fair value accounting for financial instruments on their stock price. The study's findings could be used by regulators and policy makers to assess the impact of fair value accounting on stock prices and the stability of the financial system.   Implication: This study can serve as a useful resource for anyone who wants to study the changes of stock market in Iraq and it is relationship with the accounting measurements of the financial instruments, also it would be very essential to be checked by the stakeholders, such as investors, regulators, and financial institutions, who are interested in the stock market of Iraq.   Originality/value: The originality/value of an empirical study on the impact of accounting measurement of financial instruments at fair value on stock prices changes for banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange could lie in its contribution to the understanding of the specific effects of fair value accounting on stock prices in the Iraqi banking sector. This is an understudied area, as previous research on the topic has largely focused on other countries or regions

Application of Nanotechnology in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Storage

Nanofluids gaining increased importance in science and industry including enhanced oil recovery. In this work, the ability of nanoparticles to alter the wettability of oil-wet surfaces towards water-wet at reservoir conditions and the synergistic effect of nanoparticle-surfactant combinations on nanofluid interfacial properties and nanofluid stability were systematically examined using several nano-silica dispersions. This study not only presents novel nanofluid formulations for wettability alteration but also introduced the first insight into nanoparticle-surfactant interactions in saline environments

The Relationship Between the Reputation of Audit Offices and the Accuracy of the Opinion on Continuity and the Extent to Which it is Affected by the Financial Failure Field Research in the Iraqi Stock Exchange

Purposes: The purpose of the research is to test the relationship between the reputation of the auditor's office and the accuracy of his opinion on continuity and the impact of that relationship on the financial failure of the client company.   Theoretical framework: Studying the impact of the financial failure of the client company as an intermediate variable. Where some control variables are included, these were addressed through previous studies through a sample of companies listed on the Iraqi stock market (2017-2020) based on the binary logistic regression model to test the research hypotheses.   Methodology/ Design Approach: Relying on the binary logistic regression model to test and conducting additional analysis to test the research hypotheses.   Results: The results of the research indicated that there is a positive and significant impact of the reputation of the audit firms on the accuracy of their opinion on the continuity hypothesis, as well as the positive impact of the accuracy of the opinion of the Supreme Audit Bureau in the supervision of the auditors of the Bureau, and there is a positive and important impact of the variable of financial default as an intermediary variable between reputation the auditor's office and the accuracy of his opinion on continuity. Finally, the results of the analysis support the positive correlation of the effect of financial failure as a control variable on the accuracy of his opinion on going concern.   Research and practical and social effects: The social effects of research appear by studying the reputation of the auditor and its impact on the continuity or failure of companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The value of originality: The research represents a qualitative addition to the research that examined the auditor’s reputation variables and their impact on the continuity of companies

Impact of nanoparticles on the CO2-brine interfacial tension at high pressure and temperature

Hypothesis: Nanofluid flooding has been identified as a promising method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and improved Carbon geo-sequestration (CGS). However, it is unclear how nanoparticles (NPs) influence the CO2-brine interfacial tension (γ), which is a key parameter in pore-to reservoirs-scale fluid dynamics, and consequently project success. The effects of pressure, temperature, salinity, and NPs concentration on CO2-silica (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) nanofluid γ was thus systematically investigated to understand the influence of nanofluid flooding on CO2 geo-storage. Experiments: Pendant drop method was used to measure CO2/nanofluid γ at carbon storage conditions using high pressure-high temperature optical cell. Findings: CO2/nanofluid γ was increased with temperature and decreased with increased pressure which is consistent with CO2/water γ. The hydrophilicity of NPs was the major factor; hydrophobic silica NPs significantly reduced γ at all investigated pressures and temperatures while hydrophilic NPs showed only minor influence on γ. Further, increased salinity which increased γ can also eliminate the influence of NPs on CO2/nanofluid γ. Hence, CO2/brine γ has low, but, reasonable values (higher than 20 mN/m) at carbon storage conditions even with the presence of hydrophilic NPs, therefore, CO2 storage can be considered in oil reservoirs after flooding with hydrophilic nanofluid. The findings of this study provide new insights into nanofluids applications for enhanced oil recovery and carbon geosequestration projects

The Significance of the Prohibition Atainst the Fundamentals of Imamiyah and its Jurisprudential Applications

إنّ اللغة التي نزل بها القرآن الكريم هي اللغة العربية , ولابدَّ من معرفة ألفاظ هذه اللغة ودلالاتها؛ لأجل فهم الألفاظ الشرعية وأدلتها, وهذا يتوقف على معرفتها من جهة الوضع واتحاد اللفظ والمعنى واشتراكهما, وكذا دلالات الألفاظ على معانيها كدلالة الأوامر والنواهي؛ لأنّه لا يمكن التوصل إلى استنباط الأحكام الشرعية من الأدلة إلّا بفهم قواعد اللغة, كما أنّ الأحكام الشرعية التي بينت في ظواهر الكتاب والسنة يتوقف فهمها على فهم الأسلوب البياني فيها على الأوامر والنواهي ودلالاتهما؛ لأنّه يثبت بهما أكثر الأحكام وعليهما مدار التكليف وبهما يميّز الواجب من غيره والحلال عن الحرام وهكذا, ولأجل ذلك تبنى البحث دراسة دلالة النهي عند أصوليي الإمامية وتطبيقاتها الفقهية, لبيان معنى النهي ومادته وصيغته التي يتوقف عليها دلالة النهي سواء في العبادات فيؤدي إلى فسادها أو في المعاملات فلا يستوجب ذلك.The language in which the Quran came down is Arabic, and it is necessary to know the words and meanings of this language in order to understand the words of the Shariah and its evidence. This depends on their knowledge of the situation and the unity of the word and meaning and their participation, as well as the meanings of the words on their meanings as a sign of orders and prohibitions. To derive legal rulings from the evidence only by understanding the rules of the language, and the legal provisions that have been shown in the phenomena of the Book and the Sunnah depends on understanding the method of drawing on the commands and prohibitions and indications, because it proves the most provisions and the orbit of the assignment and the distinction between duty And other muslim man's land, and so on, and for that adopted a research study forbidding indication when fundamentalists Imami and applications of jurisprudence, the meaning of the prohibition and the substance and form of which depends upon a sign forbidding both in worship leads to corruption or in the transactions statement does not require it

Wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate by silica nanofluid

Changing oil-wet surfaces toward higher water wettability is of key importance in subsurface engineering applications. This includes petroleum recovery from fractured limestone reservoirs, which are typically mixed or oil-wet, resulting in poor productivity as conventional waterflooding techniques are inefficient. A wettability change toward more water-wet would significantly improve oil displacement efficiency, and thus productivity. Another area where such a wettability shift would be highly beneficial is carbon geo-sequestration, where compressed CO2 is pumped underground for storage. It has recently been identified that more water-wet formations can store more CO2. We thus examined how silica based nanofluids can induce such a wettability shift on oil-wet and mixed-wet calcite substrates. We found that silica nanoparticles have an ability to alter the wettability of such calcite surfaces. Nanoparticle concentration and brine salinity had a significant effect on the wettability alteration efficiency, and an optimum salinity was identified, analogous to that one found for surfactant formulations. Mechanistically, most nanoparticles irreversibly adhered to the oil-wet calcite surface (as substantiated by SEM–EDS and AFM measurements). We conclude that such nanofluid formulations can be very effective as enhanced hydrocarbon recovery agents and can potentially be used for improving the efficiency of CO2 geo-storage

A novel approach for using silica nanoparticles in a proppant pack to fixate coal fines

Hydraulic fracturing operations in coal seam gas reservoirs are highly prone to release coal fines. Coal fines inevitably cause mechanical pump failure and permeability damage as a result of their hydrophobicity, aggregation in the system and pore-throat blockage. One approach to affix these coal fines at their source, and to retard generation, is to introduce a nanoparticle-treated proppant pack. Thus, this research explores coal fines retention (known as adsorption) in a proppant pack using nanoparticles. In the study, the electrolytic environment, pH, flow rate, temperature and pressure were kept constant, while the variables were concentration of silica nanoparticles (0–0.1 wt%) and coal fines concentration (0.1–1 wt%). The objective was to identify silica nano-formulations that effectively fixate coal fine dispersions. Subsequently, the coal suspensions flowed through a glass-bead proppant pack treated with and without nanoparticles, and were then analysed via a particle counter. The quantitative results from particle counter analysis showed that the proppant pack with nanoparticle treatment strongly affected the fixation ability of coal fines. The proppant pack without nanoparticle treatment showed up to 30% adsorption and flowed through the proppant untreated, while proppant pack treated with nanoparticles showed up to 74% adsorption; hence, more exceptional affixation ability to the coal fines. Further, the results indicated that the zeta-potential of silica nanoparticles at higher salinity became unstable, i.e. approximately –20 mV; this low value helped the proppant pack treated with nanoparticles to attach coal fines to it. The ability of nanoparticles to adsorb coal fines is due to their highly active surface, and high specific surface area

Nanoparticles influence on wetting behaviour of fractured limestone formation

Nanoparticles have gained considerable interest in recent times for oil recovery purposes owing to significant capabilities in wettability alteration of reservoir rocks. Wettability is a key factor controlling displacement efficiency and ultimate recovery of oil. The present study investigates the influence of zirconium (IV) oxide (ZrO2) and nickel (II) oxide (NiO) nanoparticles on the wetting preference of fractured (oil-wet) limestone formations. Wettability was assessed through SEM, AFM and contact angle. The potentials of the nanoparticles to alter oil-wet calcite substrates water wet, was experimentally tested at low nanoparticle concentrations (0.004–0.05 wt%). Quite similar behaviour was observed for both nanoparticles at the same particle concentration; while ZrO2 demonstrated a better efficiency by altering strongly oil-wet (water contact angle θ=152°) calcite substrates into a strongly water-wet (θ=44°) state, NiO changed wettability to an intermediate-wet condition (θ=86°) at 0.05 wt% nanoparticle concentration. We conclude that ZrO2 is very efficient in terms of inducing strong water-wettability; and ZrO2 based nanofluids have a high potential as EOR agents

Synergistic effect of hydrophilic nanoparticles and anionic surfactant on the stability and viscoelastic properties of oil in water (o/w) emulations; Application for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)

With the rapidly increased global energy demand, great attention has been focused on utilizing nanotechnology and particularly nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to produce more oil from low-productivity oil reservoirs. Nanofluid flooding has introduced as one of the promising methods for enhanced oil recovery using environment-friendly nanoparticles (NPs) to be as an innovative-alternative for chemical methods of EOR. This work investigates the synergistic effects of anionic surfactant and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles on the stability and the mechanical behavior of oil in water (O/W) emulsions for their application in EOR. To achieve this, an extensive series of experiments were conducted at a wide range of temperatures (23 – 70 °C) and ambient pressure to systematically evaluate the stability and the viscoelastic properties of the oil in water (O/W) emulsion with the presence of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and an anionic surfactant. In this context, the initial oil to water volume ratio was 25:75. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was used as the anionic surfactant and n-decane was used as model oil. A wide concentration ranges of NPs (0.01 – 0.2 wt%) and surfactant (0.1 – 0.3 wt%) were used to formulate different emulsions. For stability measurements, a dynamic light scattering and zetasizer were used to measure the particle size distribution and zeta potential respectively. Creaming and phase behaviors were also investigated. The viscoelastic measurements were conducted using Discovery Hybrid Rheometer. Results show that in the presence of surfactant, and NPs mitigates the coalescence of dispersed oil droplets giving high promises in EOR applications. Further, over the tested range of temperatures, the viscosity of O/W emulsion remains stable which indicates thermal stability. Despite studies examining the use of nanoparticle-surfactant combination in sub-surface applications, no reported data is currently available, to the best of our knowledge, about the potential synergistic effect of this combination on the stability and viscoelastic properties of O/W emulsion. This study gives the first insight on nanoparticle-surfactant synergistic effect on oil in water (O/W) emulsion for EOR applications

Stable dispersion of coal fines during hydraulic fracturing flowback in coal seam gas reservoir: An experimental study

In subterranean coal seam gas (CSG) reservoirs, massive amounts of small-sized coal fines are released during the production and development stages, especially during hydraulic fracturing stimulation. These coal fines inevitably cause mechanical pump failure and permeability damage due to aggregation and subsequent pore-throat blockage. This aggregation behavior is thus of key importance in CSG production and needs to be minimized. Consequently, such coal fines dispersions need to be stabilized, which can be achieved by the formulation of improved fracturing fluids. Here, we thus systematically investigated the effectiveness of two additives (ethanol, 0.5 wt % and SDBS, 0.001 and 0.01 wt %) on dispersion stability for a wide range of conditions (pH 6–11; salinity of 0.1–0.6 M NaCl brine). Technically, the coal suspension flowed through a glass bead proppant pack, and fines retention was measured. We found that even trace amounts of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) (i.e., 0.001 wt %) drastically improved dispersion stability and reduced fines retention. The retention was further quantified by fractal dimensional analysis, which showed lower values for suspensions containing SDBS. This research advances current CSG applications and thus contributes to improved energy security