Implementation of international cooperation in gas and hydrogen energy between Qatar and Ukraine

The work defines the economic essence and basic principles of international cooperation in the energy sector. The author studied the content and types of export-import strategies in energy. The main methods of assessing the level of efficiency and productivity of energy enterprises have been determined. The trends in the development of the energy sector in the world, as well as countries such as Qatar and Ukraine, are analyzed. The efficiency and productivity of investment projects in the energy sector were evaluated. Strategies for the development of hydrogen energy in the world economy are also analyzed. The directions for improvement of the international cooperation between Qatar and Ukraine in the energy sector have been duly determined. Diversification of energy sources in international cooperation is proposed. The economic justification of international energy projects has been formed.У роботі визначено економічну сутність та основні принципи міжнародного співробітництво в енергетичній сфері. Автор досліджував зміст і види експортно-імпортних стратегій в енергетиці. Визначено ефективність і продуктивність енергетичних підприємств, тенденції розвитку енергетики у світі, а також в Катарі та Україні. Проведено оцінку інвестиційних проектів в енергетиці. Проаналізовано стратегії розвитку водневої енергетики у світовій економіці. Визначено напрями вдосконалення міжнародного співробітництва між Катаром і Україна в енергетиці. Запропоновано диверсифікацію міжнародного співробітництва в енегетичній сфері. Економічно обґрунтовано міжнародні енергетичні проекти

Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children