Racism, Pedagogy and the Renaming of the USA: Racial Autobiographies and Malcolm X

This article looks at processes of name changing, in its politics and means of persuasion with specific audiences and national identity implications. Malcolm X had to change his name to affirm his individual dignity and human well-being, and the USA in the 21st-century, when it becomes a color-majority, white-minority country, must, in order to have the chance to become a multi-racial democracy and jettison white supremacy and white privilege, the United States must change its name, collaboratively

Efficient Multiband Algorithms for Blind Source Separation

The problem of blind separation refers to recovering original signals, called source signals, from the mixed signals, called observation signals, in a reverberant environment. The mixture is a function of a sequence of original speech signals mixed in a reverberant room. The objective is to separate mixed signals to obtain the original signals without degradation and without prior information of the features of the sources. The strategy used to achieve this objective is to use multiple bands that work at a lower rate, have less computational cost and a quicker convergence than the conventional scheme. Our motivation is the competitive results of unequal-passbands scheme applications, in terms of the convergence speed. The objective of this research is to improve unequal-passbands schemes by improving the speed of convergence and reducing the computational cost. The first proposed work is a novel maximally decimated unequal-passbands scheme.This scheme uses multiple bands that make it work at a reduced sampling rate, and low computational cost. An adaptation approach is derived with an adaptation step that improved the convergence speed. The performance of the proposed scheme was measured in different ways. First, the mean square errors of various bands are measured and the results are compared to a maximally decimated equal-passbands scheme, which is currently the best performing method. The results show that the proposed scheme has a faster convergence rate than the maximally decimated equal-passbands scheme. Second, when the scheme is tested for white and coloured inputs using a low number of bands, it does not yield good results; but when the number of bands is increased, the speed of convergence is enhanced. Third, the scheme is tested for quick changes. It is shown that the performance of the proposed scheme is similar to that of the equal-passbands scheme. Fourth, the scheme is also tested in a stationary state. The experimental results confirm the theoretical work. For more challenging scenarios, an unequal-passbands scheme with over-sampled decimation is proposed; the greater number of bands, the more efficient the separation. The results are compared to the currently best performing method. Second, an experimental comparison is made between the proposed multiband scheme and the conventional scheme. The results show that the convergence speed and the signal-to-interference ratio of the proposed scheme are higher than that of the conventional scheme, and the computation cost is lower than that of the conventional scheme

THE GEOMETRIC KUFIC INSCRIPTIONS ON THE LATE MAMLUK ARCHITECTURE AND ARTIFACTS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE THROUGH SOME ARTIFACTS

الخط الكوفي الهندسي على العمارة والتحف الفنية من العصر المملوكي الجركسي. منظور جديد من خلال بعض التحف الفنية. [Ar] لقد أظهر الفنانون المسلمون براعتهم في إنتاج العديد من التحف الفنية بأشكالها وزخارفها العديدة والمميزة التي لازال الكثير منها بحاجة ماسة للدراسة والفحص. وقد أطنب فنانو العصر المملوكي في زخرفة تحفهم الفنية بالعديد من الزخارف المختلفة ومن أبرز هذه الزخارف هو الخط الكوفي الهندسي الذي لعب دورا حيوياً وبارزا في الفن المملوكي. ظهر الخط الكوفي الهندسي على العديد من المباني الأثرية التي ترجع إلى العصر المملوكي، ومن الملاحظ ندرة وجوده على الفنون والتحف التي ترجع إلى تلك الحقبة من الزمن، لذا فقد عمد الباحث إلى دراسة وتحليل ونشر بعض الأمثلة من التحف الفنية والتي توجد في بعض العمائر المملوكية وتحمل في ثناياها زخرفة الخط الكوفي الهندسي المربع. ولقد أظهرت الدراسة ان هناك العديد من الاختلافات والتنوع في الطرز المختلفة للخط كذلك المضمون الذي تشتمل عليه النصوص الكتابية حيث أظهرت الكتابات تنوعا واختلافا في المضمون والطرز الفنية أكثر من الكتابات التي مثلت على العمائر الإسلامية التي ترجع إلى نفس الحقبة الزمنية. حيث اعتمد الباحث في الدراسة ايضاً على نشر تحف فنية جديدة من العصر المملوكي الجركسي بصفة خاصة وقد اتبع المنهج التحليلي من حيث المقارنة والوصف حيث تظهر الدراسة ان هناك أيضا اختلافا ملحوظا في الشكل ومضمون الكتابة وطرز الأحرف الهندسية. [EN] Muslim artisans were talented in producing art objects in various decorative forms that have needed a comprehensive study and examination. They generously decorated their artworks with different motifs, especially the Kufic script that played a vital role in the value of these artworks. The geometric Kufic script is widely shown on many buildings dated to the Mamluk period; however, it is scarcely found on the art objects of the same period. The researcher examined examples of Mamluk art objects and parts from architectural edifices with geometric Kufic inscriptions. After conducting an analysis and comparative study, the researcher found out that the style changed in arts, especially in the content and the forms of the letters. The study concludes that there are many differences in the style and contents of the inscriptions rather than those found in the architecture. This apparent change can be seen in the published and unpublished artifacts of the Mamluk era, especially the late period

Sous-développement, crise globale et crise économique

Il existe un consensus général sur le fait que la décennie 80 fut une période de crise économique au Soudan. Mais les universitaires et hommes politiques sont en profond désaccord sur la nature, les caractéristiques, les origines et la dynamique de cette crise. Crises sectorielles ou crise globale ?Certains observateurs voient dans cette crise l'une de celles, distinctes bien qu'interdépendantes, qui affectent les différentes sphères de la société soudanaise et qui sont d'ordre économique, ma..

Le coût humain et social de la guerre civile

En 1983, la guerre civile au Soudan a repris, après la décennie de paix relative ayant suivi la conclusion des accords d'Addis Abeba en 1972. Ces accords, qui mettaient fin à dix-sept années de conflit (1955-1972), avaient déclenché un mouvement de réhabilitation et de développement du Sud-Soudan. Si les efforts pour améliorer les infrastructures et les services sociaux étaient restés modestes, en revanche, lors de la reprise des hostilités, quelques grands projets étaient dans un certain éta..

Les réfugiés étrangers au Soudan

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, le Soudan a accueilli un nombre croissant de réfugiés venus surtout du Tchad, de l'Ethiopie, de l'Ouganda et du Zaïre. Conflits armés, guerres civiles et désastres naturels ont poussé bon nombre de ressortissants de ces pays à franchir la frontière. Bien qu'il soit difficile d'en connaître le nombre exact eh raison de leur constante mobilité — à l'intérieur du Soudan comme en direction ou en provenance de ce pays — certaines estimations prudentes, confi..

Famine, vulnérabilité et politique étatique

Deux conceptions erronées dominent quant à la nature de la famine qui a accablé le Soudan dans les années 80. La première correspond à la version officielle du gouvernement, également adoptée par les donneurs d'aide, qui tend à expliquer les récentes famines par les saisons successives de faible pluviométrie et de très mauvaises récoltes qui ont caractérisé le climat et l'agriculture du pays durant les premières années de la décennie. Cette vision fait de la famine un événement soudain et ina..

Evaluation of the Sustainable Aspects In Housing Sector To Overcome Housing Stress In Northern Iraq

Northern Iraq as part of Iraq, has been witnessed a great population increment last few decades. However, housing stress in Northern Iraq has risen due to that. Environmental, economic and social sustainability became crucial in the movement towards a more effective built environment and community nowadays. This research seeks to evaluate the presence of sustainability aspects (environmental, economic, and social) in the housing sector, which makes them acquired and affordable for low-income earners in Northern Iraq. Housing projects as case studies were investigated in Erbil, the capital of Northern Iraq. The research examined, the presence of sustainability aspects. Field observations checklist has been prepared based on the theoretical analysis through literature review and applied to collect data on the case studies. The results demonstrated that applying the aspects of sustainability for the buildings is weak and not clearly familiar in Northern Iraq. The study concluded that the housing projects focusing on the case study not sustainable. The findings show that the application of sustainable principles in the housing projects in Northern Iraq is very weak. It is highly recommended to achieve sustainability, because it is a significant way to produce acquired and affordable housing and overcome the housing problems, socially, environmentally and economically. The recommendations have been suggested to formulate new ways of implementing sustainable principles in the housing sector to overcome housing stress in Northern Iraq

Opportunities for Practicing Sustainable Building Construction in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The construction sector of the Kurdistan region of the Republic of Iraq has witnessed a huge development in the construction sector last ten years. However, there is a lack of awareness and legislation regarding sustainable construction in the buildings sector. The aim of the paper is to find the required mechanism to introduce sustainable practice and implement sustainable construction in the buildings construction sector in Northern Iraq. The main objectives of this study are identifying the barriers in sustainable construction in Northern Iraq and investigate the law and regulations in dealing with these barriers