ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING IN THE JORDANIAN LEGISLATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH HAMBURG AND ROTTERDAM RULES

The sea bill of lading is the most important maritime transport document. One day, the electronic bill of lading will become the only document used in maritime transport and its paper form will be merely part of history. Continuing to use the paper bill of lading negatively affects foreign trade and maritime transport in Jordan in light of the global trend towards the full use of electronic bills of lading. This study adopted the descriptive analytical approach by analyzing the legal provisions related to dealing with the electronic bills of lading in the Jordanian legislation and comparing them with the rules of Hamburg 1978 and Rotterdam 2008. The study is divided into two sections: the concept of the electronic bill of lading, and the stages of the electronic bill of lading in terms of its issuance, trading, and expiration. The results of the study revealed the possibility of dealing with the electronic bills of lading in Jordan in light of the provisions of Jordanian legislation and the rules of Hamburg 1978. The study recommends encouraging the Jordanian government to ratify the Rotterdam Rules 2008 as the legal structure for electronic bills of lading

The level of Self-Disclosure for Irbid University College Female Students and its Relation with Some Special Variables

This study aimed to detect the level of Self- Disclosure at Irbid university college students and its relationship with some variables, the sample of the study consisted of (343) students were selected randomly. The results of the study show that the level of self- Disclosure in this sample was high. The person who was most targeted in disclosure is the parent, friend, the same sex and then parent respectively, as the results showed that the detection of Self- Disclosure influenced by style of upbringing and was in a democratic style, and it was also influenced by location of housing and came in favor of the city. Keywords: Self- Disclosure, Irbid university college students, psychological stress, Democratic, Dictatorial, Jourard questionnair

Inflectional Deviation of Gender in the Qur’an

Inflection, part of morphology, has its own rules that govern the combinations of morphemes in words and the relationships between parts of speech within a text. Yet, inflection including that of gender can vary across different linguistic systems. Arabic and English notably contrast in gender-based relations. More specifically and within Arabic itself, the Qur’an displays striking cases of gender disagreement between grammatical categories within a text. Such deviating forms, as using a masculine verb with a feminine subject, a masculine subject with a feminine predicate or a masculine adjective to modify a feminine noun, are very unlikely to appear in other Arabic text genres. These are utilized in the divine text as rhetorical devices to create certain effects or achieve a linguistic power on the audience, in addition to other functions. This special use of gender deviation and the functions it purports to perform in the source text are likely to be lost in translation. Of course, this is attributed to the fact that the target language system neither accommodates the same inflectional rules governing gender relations in Arabic, on the one hand, nor can it provide equal deviating or gender-based disagreements, on the other

Mining for Significant Information from Unstructured and Structured Biological Data and Its Applications

Massive amounts of biological data are being accumulated in science. Searching for significant meaningful information and patterns from different types of data is necessary towards gaining knowledge from these large amounts of data available to users. However, data mining techniques do not normally deal with significance. Integrating data mining techniques with standard statistical procedures provides a way for mining statistically signi- ficant, interesting information from both structured and unstructured data. In this dissertation, different algorithms for mining significant biological information from both unstructured and structured data are proposed. A weighted-density-based approach is presented for mining item data from unstructured textual representations. Different algorithms in the area of radiation hybrid mapping are developed for mining significant information from structured binary data. The proposed algorithms have different applications in the ordering problem in radiation hybrid mapping including: identifying unreliable markers, and building solid framework maps. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithms towards improving map stability is demonstrated. Map stability is determined based on resampling analysis. The proposed algorithms deal effectively and efficiently with multidimensional data and also reduce computational cost dramatically. Evaluation shows that the proposed algorithms outperform comparative methods in terms of both accuracy and computation cost

The Reality of Political Culture in Jordan after Twenty Years of Political Openness

The purpose of this study is to explore the reality of the political culture in Jordan after twenty years of political openness by identifying the most important features of contemporary Jordanian political culture. In addition, the study aims to examine the main factors that shape this political culture. To build the argument on a solid ground, the study raises some significant questions about the reality of the Jordanian political culture such as: has political culture changed significantly since 1989 (after the political openness)?, what are the main factors that contributed in shaping the political culture in Jordan?, and what is the main type of political culture that clearly prevails in the society?. The study is carried out by using the descriptive analytical approach, as a method for examining the findings of the survey through distribution of 400 questionnaires to five groups of political elite in Jordan. The study concludes that there cannot be a real democratic system in Jordan without the establishment and consolidation of democratic values in the political culture of Jordanian citizens. Another conclusion of the study is that traditional political culture is still prevailing in Jordanian society, which is social, tribal, and family ties prominence despite the passage of twenty years on the political liberalization

The role of university activities in spreading awareness about the danger of drugs and their impact on society from the viewpoint of students of the University of Ha\u27il

The study aimed to identify the role of university activities in spreading awareness of the drug threat to society in the fields of personal, psychological, social, educational, economic, and religious. The study depended on descriptive approach to achieving its aims. The study sample consisted of (361) students from the University of Hail in Saudi Arabia, and the questionnaire were used to collect the data of the study. The results showed existence of high and statistically significant role for university activities in spread awareness of the danger of drugs and prevention among students in the fields of personal, psychological, economic, and religious. Moreover, the results showed the presence of the medium and statistically significant role for university activities in spread awareness of the danger of drugs and prevention among students in the fields of social and education. The researcher recommended that the universities needed to focus on university activities because of their importance and the role in influencing university students to adjust their behavior and raise the level of awareness of the danger of drugs

Essays on group lending: evidence from Jordan

Group lending has received a great attention from economists and policymakers for its successful delivery of credit to poor borrowers and its role in alleviating poverty in the developing countries. The success of group lending in providing credit to poor borrowers has been attributed to its ability to mitigate the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems in credit markets. The ability of group lending institutions to overcome the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems has been theorized to be the driving force behind their outreach to the poor, their sustainability, and their repayment performance. While there is a host of theoretical models explaining the success of group lending, empirical research has lagged behind. The focus of this thesis is to explore the determinants of repayment rates in group lending institutions taking the case of one Jordanian institution. We use data from a self designed survey of 160 borrowing groups of the Microfund for Women in Jordan to test the effect of screening, peer monitoring, group pressure, and social ties on borrowing groups’ repayment behavior. Two measures of repayment from the data base of the Microfund for Women are used. We find that these theoretical variables of interest are indeed important in explaining repayment behavior. This thesis investigates the impact of differences in the behavior of different group members on the repayment performance of the group. The survey data allows us to analyze whether the impact of joint liability, screening and monitoring activities and social ties of the group leader on repayment performance differ from those of the rest of the group members. We find that the group leader has a more significant impact in improving the repayment behavior of the group than the rest of the group members

The Effect of the Disruption of the Information of the Legal Responsibility in the Jordanian Stock Exchange and Comparison

The International and local stock markets have witnessed significant developments in terms of the volume of money traded and the large number of companies whose shares are traded in those markets, which give a clear indication of the importance of the stock market as one of the institutions operating in the capital market, but has become one of the most important institutions influential in the economies of countries, It should be noted that the information has a significant role and influence in the decisions of dealers and investors in the financial market, the theories of efficiency of the stock market confirms that all information about the market and companies registered in it are available in general, freedom of information and access reach all without a cost, or at a low cost, but the practical reality reveals that there are illegal practices in the stock exchange dealings with information, there is a class of dealers have free access to internal information is not available to everyone, and there is a class that can publish false information in the market, or they can leak valid information that will make a big profit at the expense of the rest of the investors and traders who do not have access to this information, which has a negative impact on the financial markets and investors. In order to avoid this, the laws of various countries, including Jordan, have issued various penalties in violation of these obligations, which are the responsibility of the persons and entities concerned in case of breach of information related to stock exchange transactions. Information in the first subject, then the legal responsibility arising from the internal dealing in the second section, and then the legal responsibility of false and misleading disclosure in the third topic. The conclusion is that legal liability is determined by the violators of the stock exchange, and includes many parties in exchange for other beneficiaries. The basis of this responsibility is the texts of the special laws, in addition to the principle of good faith in the transactions imposed by all legislation in all types of contracts but by different standards.The study recommended the need to tighten the legal responsibility for all forms of breach of information in the stock exchange transactions committed by multiple parties, and then to organize and develop the disclosure of real and influential information in the light of international standards to include all necessary basic information to protect investors and maintain confidence in the market financial, and other necessary information in this area. Keywords: Stock Exchange, Stock Market, Legal Responsibility,  Infringement of Information And Data , Auditors, Financial Analysts,  Service Companies , Investor

The Influence of Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behavior At PT. Rizki Asa Buana

The objectives of this study are: 1) To find out the description of work engagement, job satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) for employees of PT. Rizki Asa Buana on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152. 2) To determine the effect of Work Engagement on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on employees of PT. Rizki Asa Buana on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152. 3) To determine the effect of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on employees of PT. Rizki Asa Buana on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152. 4) To find out how much the contribution of Job Engagement and Job Satisfaction to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) for employees of PT. Rizki Asa Buana on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152. This research was conducted on 135 employees of PT. Rizki Asa Buana on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152. The data collection technique used survey and interview methods, namely by interviewing employees one by one and distributing questionnaires which were then processed using the SPSS program. This research uses descriptive and explanatory analysis. The results obtained from the regression show that there is a positive and significant influence between Work Engagement on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and a positive and significant influence between Job Satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the research model of Job Engagement and Job Satisfaction can predict Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Pt. Rizki Asa Buana which is on Jl. Manggul jaya no.9 (base 4) cikiwul, bantar gebang. Bekasi 17152 with a value of Fcount> Ftable (62.091> 2.70) and significance (0.000 <0.05). Keyword: Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

Linear Precoding for Broadcast Channels with Confidential Messages under Transmit-Side Channel Correlation

In this paper, we analyze the performance of regularized channel inversion (RCI) precoding in multiple-input single-output (MISO) broadcast channels with confidential messages under transmit-side channel correlation. We derive a deterministic equivalent for the achievable per-user secrecy rate which is almost surely exact as the number of transmit antennas and the number of users grow to infinity in a fixed ratio, and we determine the optimal regularization parameter that maximizes the secrecy rate. Furthermore, we obtain deterministic equivalents for the secrecy rates achievable by: (i) zero forcing precoding and (ii) single user beamforming. The accuracy of our analysis is validated by simulations of finite-size systems.Comment: to appear IEEE Communications Letter