An Overview of Grammar Translation Method’s Effect on EFL Teaching And Learning

In language teaching and learning, several methods are used for the effectiveness of teaching and learning activity. The researcher implemented the methods to assist the teacher in teaching the language, time after time. The methods have undergone many changes and development based on the attitude and school of thought for teaching and learning a language, so each method has a different character, technique, and implementation. This reflection will expand on the grammatical translation method (GTM) used in the nineteenth century to teach English as a foreign language. This method is based on the goal of grammatical competence. To achieve the goal, this method has several characteristic and technique which will be used in its implementation. The writer attempts to do a review by investigating 5 published articles gathered from internet websites to show the use of the grammar-translation method, its effectiveness, and why it is criticized for teaching and learning English as a foreign language. The writer’s reflection is included too

Postprocedural Endophthalmitis or Postprocedural Intraocular Inflammation: A Diagnostic Conundrum

We experienced an atypical endophthalmitis occurring post consecutively performed in-office procedures; an intravitreal injection (IVI) of ranibizumab followed by an anterior chamber (AC) paracentesis performed twice in an eye with neovascular glaucoma (NVG). A 52-year-old diabetic male who was asymptomatic developed signs of endophthalmitis and decreased vision without pain in his left eye a few days post-IVI and AC paracentesis. The condition worsened after an initial vitreous tap and injection of antibiotics. Cultures of vitreous and aqueous samples were negative. Complete resolution occurred after a pars plana vitrectomy with IVI of antibiotics and steroid with removal of a dense “yellowish-brown” fibrinous plaque. The absence of pain, presence of a peculiar colored fibrin, mild-to-moderate vitritis without retinitis, negative cultures, and complete recovery despite the fulminant presentation; favor a diagnosis of inflammation over infection. We hypothesize that a micro-leak from a 26-gauge AC tap tract might have served as an entry port for 5% povidone-iodine from the ocular surface thus inciting inflammation. However, an exuberant inflammatory response that can be typically seen in NVG eyes after intraocular procedures cannot be excluded. Various causes of inflammation post-procedures, both toxic and nontoxic should be considered in atypical culture-negative fulminant endophthalmitis cases with good outcome posttreatment. Any minor ocular procedure may carry a risk of such complication. Patient counseling and care must be exercised in performing these procedures

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Extracts of Oleo-Gum Resins from Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak) Grown in Some Parts of the Sudan

Three samples (Kordofan, Damazine and Nagawa) of oleo-gum resins of Boswellia papyrifera grown in some parts of Sudan were subjected to screening with the objective of evaluating their antimicrobial activity. The essential oils of the three samples showed high antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria (Basillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Echercshia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 5 - 10 µg/ ml. In addition, they demonstrated antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans with MIC of 5 µg/ ml. Petroleum ether extracts and acid fractions derived from the three samples showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Echercshia coli and Basillus subtilis. Chloroform extracts and non-acid fractions of both Kordofan and Damazine frankincense suppressed the growth of Basillus subtilis, Echercshia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Salmonella typhi showed resistance to all used materials except the non-acid fraction from Kordofan frankincense. Furthermore, all tested bacteria (excluding Basillus subtilis) and fungi (except Candida albicans) showed resistance to the methanolic and water extracts. The essential oils and various extracts from Sudanese Boswellia papyrifera can be of potential use as antimicrobial ag

Possibility of overcoming obstacles to adopt sustainable practices of road paving layers in Iraq

It is evident that there is an increasing need, day by day, to adopt sustainable practices due to the increasing volume of harmful impacts on the environment, especially in the transportation sector. The situation in Iraq is very clear because of the complete dependence on vehicles in the process of transporting and shipping goods due to the absence of alternatives. The previous literature on the importance of sustainable practices in improving the properties and specifications of roads has been studied, and then the current reality of roads in Iraq has been explained. In the last part, a questionnaire was conducted to clarify the obstacles that impede the use of these sustainable practices, and the reasons were reached. The study concluded that addressing this growing problem begins through education and cultural development of society by all concerned parties while supporting research. The planning process should include finding all special instructions and regulations that affect the safety of the environment, such as granting building or import permits, or in the field of agriculture and industry to serve these practices. The adoption of sustainable practices must meet the local circumstance represented in the behavior, culture and economy of the population community as well as the geographical location and climate of such environment

Cytotoxicity Potential of Essential Oils and Extracts of Oleo-Gum Resins from Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak) Grown in Different Regions of the Sudan

In this study, three samples of oleo-gum resins of Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak) grown in different regions of the Sudan were used (Kordofan, Damazine and Nagawa). Solvent extracts, acid fractions and essential oils of the three samples were evaluated for their cytotoxicity potential via the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results revealed a dose–dependent response in mortality, and where the degree of lethality was directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. Among all tested materials, the best cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts and acid fractions of the three samples, non acid fractions from Kordofan and Damazine olibanum as well as the petroleum extract of Damazine sample. All examined materials, excluding the volatile oils of Damazine and Nagawa samples, showed high cytotoxicity with LD50 values less than 20 μg /ml; thus can be used to predict anti-carcinogenic activity.

Design a new proposed route optimization scheme based NEMO-Centric MANEMO (NCM)

Route Optimization (RO) refers to any approach that optimizes the transmission of packets between a Mobile Network Node/Mobile Router and a Corresponding Node/Home Agent. RO would mean that a binding between the address of an MNN/MR and the location of the mobile network is registered at the CE/HA. Technically, route optimization mechanism comes up with a complementing solution for the pinball problem by avoiding the MRHA Bidirectional Tunnel(BT) that is to be used. This paper discusses the RO issues for NEMO and more specifically issues of Nested NEMO such astunneling redundant, HA dependency, processing delay, bottleneck, traffic congestion, ER selection, and scalability in the design consideration. In order to address NEMO ROsuboptimal, this work utilizes the NCM protocol plus to PHA. The proposed MANEMO RO scheme is a layer three solution to support RO for mobile networks. Additionally, the paper proposes the design to address Nested NEMO issues in a post disaster scenario by using Proxy Home Agent (PHA) in the infrastructure with using Neighbor Discovery protocol(TDP/NINA) for localizing communications. Thus, thesignaling message flow and the algorithm are written to give proposed scheme more flexibilit

Comparative Study and GC/MS Analyses of Oleo-Gum Resins extracts obtained from Boswellia papyrifera (Tarak tarak)

Three samples of oleogum resins of Boswellia papyrifera grown in some parts of the Sudan were subjected to screening with the objective of evaluating phytochemical constituents of their extracts (petroleum ether, and methanol) as well as their acid fractions. Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed that the main components in the petroleum ether extracts were sequentially naphtho [1, 2-b] furan-2-one (24.23%), oleic acid (22.39%) and octadecanoic acid (20.45%), whereas the principal chemical compounds in the methanolic extracts were lycopene (13.78%), oleic acid (28.60%) and benzoic acid (26.90%). The dominant molecule in the acid fractions of both Kordofan and Damazine samples was hexadecanoic acid (16.46% and 23.33%, respectively), while that from Nagawa olibanum was oleic acid (15.34%)

Medication Sector in Qatar: Hand in Hand Facing the Blockade

Conference agend

An investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization and depression symptoms: A cross sectional study among university students in Qatar

Background Cyberbullying is a modern form of bullying that could be practiced electronically or on the internet. It is related to different mental health issues such as depression, which can affect both the cyberbully and the victim. Although a few studies have been conducted regarding the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber-victimization among the younger generation in Qatar, no studies have been conducted among young adults despite studies showing that they are also prone to cyberbullying. Methods This is a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence and the relationship between cyberbullying, cyber-victimization, and depression symptoms among Qatar University students. A self-administered close-ended electronic questionnaire was used to assess student's cyberbullying/cyber-victimization behaviors and depression symptoms. The Revised Cyberbullying Inventory scale (RCBI-II) and Patient Health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were utilized to measure involvement in cyberbullying and depression symptoms, respectively. A total of 836 students participated in the study. Pearson Chi-Square test and binary logistic regression were conducted to analyze the data. Results Results indicated the majority of students have been involved in cyberbullying as follows: 6.8% cyberbullies, 29.2% cybervictims, 35.8% cyberbully-victims, and 28.2% not involved in either. Approximately 50% of the students scored a ten or higher on the PHQ9 test indicating symptoms of depression. Moreover, significant associations were found between cyberbullying experiences and gender (p = 0.03), depression and gender (p = 0.046), and between cyberbullying experiences and depression (p<0.001). Conclusion Our findings indicate that among Qatar University students, cyberbullying and cyber-victimization are prevalent behaviors that could be associated with the high reported rates of depression symptoms