Hypothesis of Interaction: Reflections on its Theoretical and Practical Contributions for Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

This article is about one of the most influential hypothesis in the fields of applied linguistics and language learning. It is based on the work of a number of scholars who contributed to the understanding of this hypothesis such as Steve Krashen, Mike Long, Teresa Pica and Merrill Swain. It starts with a brief introduction about the significance of interaction hypothesis generally in language learning in general and its central role in second language acquisition (SLA). The next section reviews some of the fundamental works and studies that have investigated the theoretical and practical understanding of this phenomenon and its relationship to learners’ achievement. It also highlights the contribution of interaction hypothesis to learning in two basic areas: noticing and feedback. There are explanatory examples presented in the following section in order to show how interactional modification techniques are used by learners. The last section presents some concluding thoughts pertaining to this topic with a focus on how it can be employed in language learning classrooms

Optimized energy-aware cellular network planning with random waypoint user mobility

In this work, we aim to plan an energy-efficient cellular network that can take into account minimizing the cost and energy of the whole network and minimizing the distance between user and base station. Also, it takes the mobility of users into account using the random waypoint method to represent the user mobility. The design strategy depends on turning off as many base stations as possible to reduce the consumed power while keeping full or partial coverage and quality of service over the serviced area. We have implemented all work by using Matlab software

The Degree of Availability and Utility of Equipments and resources of Pre- Vocational Education Workshops in Irbid Schools from Teachers Perspective

This study aims at exploring The Availability and Utility of Equipments and Supplies of Pre-Vocational Education Workshops in the Schools of Irbid governorate  From Teachers Perspective, A questionnaire was used as a method of gathering data. The questionnaire included a list of all the necessary equipments and instruction aids, for pre- vocational education workshops in the General Education stage from 1st to 10th classes . This list covered five engineering domains: agricultural, equipments associated with sewing , weaving, health and public safety. The sample of the study consisted of (121) pre-Vocational Education  teachers who were selected through the method of comprehensive survey to the community of the study in Irbid governorate. After gathering the data and statistically analyzed , results showed a low, as well as, insufficient availability and utility of the pre-vocational equipments and instructional aids associated with pre-vocational education workshops in the five domains covered by the study. The domain of engineering came to be more prominent in male schools and the domain of sewing and weaving in female schools. Researchers provided some recommendations in the light of this study : conducting an extensive study to compile the needs of pre-vocational education workshops concerning equipments advised by pre-Vocational Education  teachers as necessary to these workshops, and conducting studies about the obstacles of the supply of the equipments and tools of the workshops of pre-vocational education to process them and find suitable alternatives, and working on creating a separate budget for the workshops of pre-vocational education to gradually guarantee the availability of necessary equipments and instructional aids so that all needs are available within convenient time frame. Keywords: Pre- Vocational Education equipments, Pre- Vocational Education workshops, Pre- Vocational Education Instructional Aids, Pre- Vocational Education  Teacher

Availability analysis of terrestrial free space optical link under the impact of rain condition

Availability is one of the main factors to measure the QoS of any telecommunication networks. An accurate availability prediction for Free Space Optical link of carrier class grade is needed. In tropical areas, rain is the most dominant factor affecting the FSO link availability. In this paper, the effect of rain attenuation on the availability of FSO links is analyzed by examining the impact distance of different FSO systems. As the rain attenuation of FSO is independent of wavelength, the analysis of rain attenuation will be based on rain intensity. ITU-R (Carbonneau and Japan) models have been used for the analysis. From the results; Carrier class availability with good enough resolution for estimated availability can be predicted. This paper provides recommendations to FSO researchers in general and local telecom service provider in particular about possible availability figures that can be useful for deployment of FSO link as a last mile solution, back-up for fiber optic and other applications

The level of fibroblast growth factor-2 prepared from Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin (A-PRF) in obese Saudi subjects compared to healthy subjects

Background: The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially in the last few decades. World Health Organization estimated that around 600 million obese adults worldwide were obese and a further increase is expected in the future due to increased consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle. Aim: To evaluate and compare the level of fibroblast growth factor platelet rich fibrin (A-PRF) in obese subject compare to healthy weight subject. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 23 volunteers, 15 obese subject (test group) and 8 non-obese (control group) at Riyadh Elm University. The medical, dental histories, an interview and clinical examination was performed to check the eligibility of the participants to be involved in this study, Blood sample was collected in 10 ml syringe, then being processed using A-PRF centrifugation protocols. Ten milliliters of whole blood without anticoagulant was centrifuged at 1300 rpm for 14 minutes. Results: The level of FGF-2 released from (A-PRF) concentration was significantly lower on obese which was measured on 4 different times (Day1, Day 7, Day 14 and Day 28), compared to healthy. Conclusion: There was decrease in FGF- 2 level released from (A-PRF) from obese compared to healthy. Key words: Fibroblast growth factor, obesity, periodontitis, platelet rich fibrin

Molecular Characterization of β-Thalassemia Patients in Wasit Province, IRAQ

Background: Hemoglobin-associated disorder is a different group of recessive genetic diseases. which consist of the structural hemoglobin variants and the thalassemia.Aim of the study: - to characterize the spectrum of beta globin gene mutations  in patients with beta- thalassemia who are registered in thalassemia centers, Wasit, Iraq using PCR - based DNA diagnostic techniques.Patients and methods:The genomic DNA was extracted from 106 Iraqi patients with β-thalassemia major and intermedia from unrelated families and (50) healthy numbers as control were collected from Al-Karama  Teaching Hospital, in Wasit  province, to detect mutation using PCR - based DNA diagnostic techniques. .  Results: of 106 thalassemia patients, 35 (33%) of patients with no mutation detection, IVS 1.116 [T>G] mutation was detected in 42 patients ( 39.6%), followed by IVS 1.110 [G>A], which was detected in 11 (10.4%) patients.Conclusions: Many mutations recorded a high frequency due to close relative marriage. By analyzing many mutations in β-globin gene leading to defect in beta chains play crucial role in drawing mutation frequency and their distribution in our society. Keywords: thalassemia, mutation, DN

Design a new proposed route optimization scheme based NEMO-Centric MANEMO (NCM)

Route Optimization (RO) refers to any approach that optimizes the transmission of packets between a Mobile Network Node/Mobile Router and a Corresponding Node/Home Agent. RO would mean that a binding between the address of an MNN/MR and the location of the mobile network is registered at the CE/HA. Technically, route optimization mechanism comes up with a complementing solution for the pinball problem by avoiding the MRHA Bidirectional Tunnel(BT) that is to be used. This paper discusses the RO issues for NEMO and more specifically issues of Nested NEMO such astunneling redundant, HA dependency, processing delay, bottleneck, traffic congestion, ER selection, and scalability in the design consideration. In order to address NEMO ROsuboptimal, this work utilizes the NCM protocol plus to PHA. The proposed MANEMO RO scheme is a layer three solution to support RO for mobile networks. Additionally, the paper proposes the design to address Nested NEMO issues in a post disaster scenario by using Proxy Home Agent (PHA) in the infrastructure with using Neighbor Discovery protocol(TDP/NINA) for localizing communications. Thus, thesignaling message flow and the algorithm are written to give proposed scheme more flexibilit

Performance Analysis of a Free Space Optics Link with Multiple Transmitters/Receivers

ABSTRACT:  Multiple transmitters/receivers (TX/RX) are used to improve the quality of Free Space Optics (FSO) communication systems. With the current needs of this technology for longer distance communication, the qualitative analysis of the system has become essential. In this work, the received power level (PR) and bit error rate (BER) are considered to influence the FSO link performance. The relationship between the two parameters are investigated and analysed. Furthermore, the received power for various numbers of TXs and RXs are experimentally measured and compared with the values obtained from theoretical calculations. The first part of the work deals with the theoretical calculation and simulation designs of multiple laser beams based on the commercial FSO used in actual sites. The second part describes the practical work and analysis of the system’s performance. ABSTRAK: Pemancar/penerima berganda (TX/RX) digunakan bagi meningkatkan kualiti sistem komunikasi Ruang Optik Bebas (FSO). Analisis kualitatif ke atas sistemnya adalah penting bagi keperluan semasa teknologi ini untuk jarak jauh. Di dalam kajian ini, aras kuasa penerima (PR) dan kadar ralat bit (BER) telah diambilkira bagi menentukan prestasi rangkaian FSO. Hubungan di antara kedua-dua parameter telah dikaji dan dianalisis. Seterusnya, kuasa penerima untuk pelbagai nombor TXs dan RXs diukur secara eksperimen dan dibandingkan dengan nilai teori yang dikira. Bahagian pertama skop kajian berkaitan dengan pengiraan teori dan rekabentuk simulasi sinaran laser berdasarkan FSO komersial di lapangan. Bahagian kedua kajian adalah kerja lapangan dan analisis prestasi sistem. KEY WORDS:  Free Space Optics (FSO) link; Multiple TX/RX FSO; bit error rate (BER); eye diagram