3-Ammonio­pyridinium tetra­bromido­mercurate(II) monohydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C5H8N2)[HgBr4]·H2O, consists of one cation, one anion and one water mol­ecule. The anion exhibits a distorted tetra­hedral arrangement about the Hg atom. The crystal structure contains alternating sheets of cations (in the ac plane) and stacks of anions. Several strong hydrogen-bonding inter­actions (pyN—H⋯Br and C—H⋯Br; py is pyridine), along with O—H⋯Br inter­actions, connect the sheets of cations to the stacks of anions. Cation–cation π–π stacking is also present (C⋯C distances in the range 3.424–3.865 Å). The shortest Br⋯Br distance is 3.9527 (9) Å

2,5-Dibromo­pyridine

In the title compound, C5H3Br2N, C—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding inter­actions and Br⋯Br inter­actions [3.9418 (3) and 3.8986 (3) Å] connect the mol­ecules into planar sheets stacked perpendicular to the b axis. In addition, pyrid­yl–pyridyl inter­sheet π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 4.12 (1) Å] result in a three-dimensional network

Bis(2,6-dimethyl­pyridinium) tetra­bromido­zincate(II)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, (C7H10N)2[ZnBr4], the coordination geometry of the anion is approximately tetra­hedral and a twofold rotation axis passes through the Zn atom. The Zn—Br bond lengths range from 2.400 (2) to 2.408 (3) Å and the Br—Zn—Br angles range from 108.14 (6) to 115.15 (15)°. In the crystal structure, the [ZnBr4]2− anion is connected to two cations through N—H⋯Br and H2C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, forming two-dimensional cation–anion–cation layers normal to the b axis. No significant Br⋯Br inter­actions [the shortest being 4.423 (4) Å] are observed in the structure

Bis(2,6-dimethyl­pyridinium) tetra­bromido­cobaltate(II)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, (C7H10N)2[CoBr4], the [CoBr4]2− anion is connected to two cations through N—H⋯Br and H2C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds to form two-dimensional cation–anion–cation layers normal to the crystallographic b axis. Inter­actions of the π–π type are absent between cations in the stacks [centroid–centroid separation = 5.01 (5) Å]. Significant inter­molecular Br–aryl inter­actions are present in the structure, especially an unusually short Br–ring centroid inter­action of 3.78 (1) Å. The coordination geometry of the anion is approximately tetrahedral and a twofold rotation axis passes through the Co atom

Bis(trimethyl­phenyl­ammonium) hexa­[bromido/chlorido(0.792/0.208)]stannate(IV)

In the title mol­ecular salt, [C6H5(CH3)3N]2[SnBr4.75Cl1.25], the SnIV atom (site symmetry ) adopts an octa­hedral coordination geometry. The Br and Cl atoms are disordered over three sites in 0.7415 (13):0.2585 (14), 0.8514 (14):0.1486 (14) and 0.7821 (14):0.2179 (14) ratios

Bis­(2-amino-6-methyl­pyridinium) tetra­bromido­cuprate(II)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, (C6H9N2)2[CuBr4], the geometry around the Cu atom is inter­mediate between tetra­hedral (Td) and square planar (D4h). Each [CuBr4]2− anion is connected non-symmetrically to four surrounding cations through N—H⋯X (pyridine and amine proton) hydrogen bonds, forming chains of the ladder-type running parallel to the crystallographic b axis. These layers are further connected by means of offset face-to-face inter­actions (parallel to the a axis), giving a three-dimensional network. Cation π–π stacking [centroid separations of 3.69 (9) and 3.71 (1) Å] and Br⋯aryl inter­actions [3.72 (2) and 4.04 (6) Å] are present in the crystal structure. There are no inter­molecular Br⋯Br inter­actions

The Use of GIS and Leachability Tests to Investigate Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution from Oil Shale Utilization at Lajjoun Area/Southern Jordan

Jordan is a country that faces "absolute water scarcity" and may not be able to meet its water needs by the year 2025. Groundwater is the major water resource for many areas of the country and the only source of water in some areas. Most of the groundwater basins in Jordan are already exploited beyond their estimated safe yield. Groundwater is the second largest contributor to the irrigation sector and is the largest source for domestic consumption. Jordan also has a huge amount of oil shale that exists in the Southern and Eastern parts of the country. It is estimated that Jordan has a reserve of 50 billion tons of oil shale. The oil shale deposits in these locations are shallow and near the surface and can be utilized by the open cut mining method. The ash is considered one of the most important factors in selecting the suitable and more economical utilization technology for Jordanian oil shale. Oil shale ash is considered one of the main environmental challenges and a barrier which stands on the way of developing oil shale industry in Jordan. The main concern in this case is that ash might reach nearby surface water and/ or leach to groundwater recourses in the area. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of pollution of groundwater resources in Lajjoun area/ Southern Jordan as a result of oil shale development. It assessed groundwater vulnerability to pollution using GIS and DRASTIC index in combination with chemical analysis and leachability tests conducted on oil shale ash that might result from two possible utilizations of oil shale; producing electricity through direct burning of oil shale and extracting oil from oil shale. It was found that Lajjoun area has a moderate groundwater vulnerability to pollution. Yet, the leachabilty tests showed that there will be huge amounts of Fe, Cr, Cd, Pb, Al and Pb as possible leachates to groundwater for both types of oil shale utilizations; oil extraction and electricity generation

An Integrated Methodology for Enhancing Reverse Logistics Flows and Networks in Industry 5.0

Background: This paper explores the potential of Industry 5.0 in driving societal transition to a circular economy. We focus on the strategic role of reverse logistics in this context, underlining its significance in optimizing resource use, reducing waste, and enhancing sustainable production and consumption patterns. Adopting sustainable industrial practices is critical to addressing global environmental challenges. Industry 5.0 offers opportunities for achieving these goals, particularly through the enhancement of reverse logistics processes. Methods: We propose an integrated methodology that combines binary logistic regression and decision trees to predict and optimize reverse logistics flows and networks within the Industry 5.0 framework. Results: The methodology demonstrates effective quantitative modeling of influential predictors in reverse logistics and provides a structured framework for understanding their interrelations. It yields actionable insights that enhance decision-making processes in supply chain management. Conclusions: The methodology supports the integration of advanced technologies and human-centered approaches into industrial reverse logistics, thereby improving resource sustainability, systemic innovation, and contributing to the broader goals of a circular economy. Future research should explore the scalability of this methodology across different industrial sectors and its integration with other Industry 5.0 technologies. Continuous refinement and adaptation of the methodology will be necessary to keep pace with the evolving landscape of industrial sustainability.<br/

Bis(2-amino-4-methyl­pyridinium) tetra­chloridocuprate(II)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C6H9N2)2[CuCl4], consists of one cation and one half-anion, bis­ected by a twofold rotation axis through the metal center. The anion exhibits a geometry that is inter­mediate between a Td and D 4h arrangement about the Cu atom. The crystal structure contains chains of cations alternating with stacks of anions. The cationic groups inter­act via offset face-to-face π–π stacking, forming chains running along the c axis. The anion stacks are parallel to the cation chains, with no significant inter- nor intra­stack Cl⋯Cl inter­actions. There are several anion–cation hydrogen-bonding inter­actions of the (N—H)pyridine⋯Cl and (N—H)amino⋯Cl types, connecting the chains of cations to the stacks of anions. Both the N—H⋯Cl and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances 3.61 (8) and 3.92 (2) Å] contribute to the formation of a three-dimensional supra­molecular architecture

cis-cis-trans-Bis(acetonitrile-κN)dichloridobis(triphenyl­phosphine-κP)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate

The title compound, [RuCl2(C2H3N)2(C18H15P)2]·2C2H3N, was obtained upon stirring an acetonitrile/ethanol solution of [RuCl2(PPh3)3]. In the crystal structure, each RuII ion is coordinated by two Cl [Ru—Cl = 2.4308 (7) and 2.4139 (7) Å], two N [Ru—N = 2.016 (2) and 2.003 (2) Å], and two P [Ru—P = 2.3688 (7) and 2.3887 (7) Å] atoms in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Packing inter­actions include typical C—H⋯π contacts involving phenyl groups as well as weak hydrogen bonds between CH3CN methyl H atoms and Cl or solvent CH3CN N atoms