Post Saddam Restructuring of Intellectual Property Rights in Iraq Through a Case Study of Current Intellectual Property Practices in Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan, 6 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 250 (2007)

When the United States invaded Iraq in 2003, it did so with the ambitious goal to completely transform an isolationist government into an international democracy. The Coalition forces created laws designed to conform Iraq to international standards, including three Orders tracking the language of the WTO and its IP enforcement mechanism, the TRIPs Agreement. These standards, however, are often inapposite of unique cultural and religious beliefs of an Arab Middle Eastern country that views ideas, concepts, and knowledge as communal. This comment analyzes similarly situated countries in various stages of dealing with the transition and suggests affirmative steps to expedite the process. Finally, this comment concludes that for a seamless transition into the global economy, Iraq should be supplied aid to acclimate its judiciary, attorneys, and citizenry to these new standards and allowed a reservation in Iraq’s accession agreement regarding the patenting of seeds

Bedouin livelihoods: the role of women in the Jordanian Badia

Women's issues have been increasingly receiving more attention by development planners, scholars and practitioners In the east and west. In the Middle East more efforts have been devoted towards the Inclusion of women In the labour force and the political arena. These efforts have faced some difficulties In respect to the social perceptions of Muslim women’s roles and the scarcity of representative data regarding women’s productive contribution In the economy and In maintaining their families' livelihoods. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of Arab and Muslim women's status at the household and societal levels is needed to conceptualise women's roles and put development efforts In the right effective gear. This study, which Investigates Bedouin livelihoods and the role of women In the Jordanian Badia, attempts to unfold the productive roles and the decision-making perspectives of a specific category of the female population In Jordan, 'Bedouin women'. It challenges the stereotyped picture of Muslim women and, more specifically, Bedouin women who have been regarded by their societies and others as less productive, subordinate and to some extent passive in respect to their contributions towards their households' survival and their decision-making power In comparison to men. The major findings of this study show that Bedouin women today provide essential Inputs Into maintaining their household's survival and providing vital needs for their livelihoods, In addition to acquiring an influential share of power regarding decisions related to their households. These findings stem from the application of a qualitative research methodology that Involved prolonged group discussion sessions, individual Interviews and observational tools in the north-eastern Badia of Jordan. This qualitative research methodology was used for In-depth research conducted on 30 households to give substance to the research findings and provide detailed Information from the local Bedouin people involved In the study. The discussion of the research findings presented in chapters four, five and six regarding Bedouin livelihoods and the role of women In the Jordanian Badia identifies some focal points upon which further Investigation and research Into the status of Bedouin women can be based

Reflection Moveout Inversion For Horizontal Transverse Isotropy: Accuracy And Limitation

Horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) is the simplest azimuthally anisotropic model used to describe vertical fracturing in an isotropic matrix. Using the elliptical variation of P-wave normal-moveout (NMO) velocity with azimuth, measured in three different source-to-receiver orientations, we can obtain the vertical velocity V[subscript Pvert], anisotropy parameter δ[superscript (V)], and the azimuth a of the symmetry-axis plane. Parameter estimation from variations in the moveout velocity in azimuthally anisotropic media is quite sensitive to the angular separation between the survey lines in 2D, or equivalently source-to-receiver azimuths in 3D, and to the set of azimuths used in the inversion procedure. The accuracy in estimating the parameter α, in particular, is also sensitive to the strength of anisotropy. The accuracy in resolving δ[superscript (V)] and [subscript Pvert] is about the same for any strength of anisotropy. In order to maximize the accuracy and stability in parameter estimation, it is best to have the azimuths for the three source-to- receiver directions 60° apart. In land seismic data acquisition having wide azimuthal coverage is quite feasible. In marine seismic data acquisition, however, where the azimuthal data coverage is limited, multiple survey directions are necessary to achieve such wide azimuthal coverage. Having more than three distinct source-to-receiver azimuths (e.g., full azimuthal coverage) provides useful data redundancy that enhances the quality of the estimates, and sets the stage for a least-square type of inversion in which the errors in the parameters estimates are minimized in a least-square sense. In layered azimuthally anisotropic media, applying Dix differentiation to obtain interval moveout velocity provides sufficient accuracy in the inversion for the medium parameters, especially where the direction of the symmetry planes is uniform. In order to obtain acceptable parameter estimates, an HTI layer overlain by an azimuthally isotropic overburden (as might happen for fractured reservoirs) should have a thickness (in time) relative to the total thickness. The total thickness should be equal to or greater than the ratio of the error in the NMO (stacking) velocity to the interval anisotropy strength of the fractured layer.Saudi AramcoMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Borehole Acoustics and Logging ConsortiumMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratory. Reservoir Delineation Consortiu

Bis(2,6-diamino­pyridin-1-ium) hexa­aqua­cobalt(II) disulfate dihydrate

In the title compound, (C5H8N3)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2·2H2O, the complete complex cation is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry, such that the CoII cation is octa­hedrally coordinated by six water mol­ecules. The organic cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.013 (1) Å. In the crystal structure, the ions and mol­ecules are linked into a pseudo-layered three-dimensional supra­molecular network via O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Weak inter­molecular π–π inter­actions further stabilize the crystal structure [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5231 (4) Å]

Supporting Women Entrepreneurship in Conflict Ridden States

Violent conflicts have increased dramatically in the last decade, where more countries in 2016 experienced violent conflict than at any point in almost 30 years (United Nations and World Bank, 2018, p. xvii). It is estimated that by 2030 more than half of the world’s poor will be living in countries affected by high levels of violence (Ibid). According to the Institute for Economics and Peace (2020, p. 4), the gap between the least and most peaceful countries is growing, where the Middle East and North Africa region remains the world’s least peaceful region for the sixth consecutive year. In contexts of violent conflict, many women become entrepreneurs out of necessity, where they face burdensome challenges in starting and operating their businesses. The relevant growing research body reports how women entrepreneurs in these contexts demonstrate high levels of resilience in navigating the economic, social and political barriers in their conflict-ridden states (e.g., Al-Dajani et al., 2019; Althalathini et al., 2020; Bullough and Renko, 2017; Sabella and El-Far, 2019). In this policy brief, we focus on women entrepreneurs in the protracted conflict-ridden states of Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine. Based on the findings from the research undertaken in these three contexts, we propose support measures that enable women entrepreneurs to overcome some of the structural and institutional challenges, succeed in their businesses and contribute to peacebuilding in their fragile contexts. Within our research, we adopted a qualitative approach and conducted in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with women entrepreneurs in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Palestine

Shear-Wave Reflection Moveout For Azimuthally Anisotropic Media

The presence of azimuthal anisotropy causes shear wave propagation to split into fast and slow shear waves. The most common azimuthally anisotropic models used to describe fractured reservoirs are transverse isotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI), and orthorhombic. In this paper, we study shear-wave reflection moveout in azimuthally anisotropic media with special attention paid to orthorhombic media with horizontal interfaces. In such cases the shear-wave reflection moveout is azimuthally variant and nonhyperbolic. We analyze the azimuthal dependence of normal moveout (NMO) velocity and we validate the accuracy of the conventional hyperbolic moveout equation. The azimuthal variation of NMO velocity is elliptical for both wave modes. In the presence of anisotropy-induced, nonhyperbolic moveout (NHMO), the hyperbolic moveout equation loses its accuracy with increasing offset (e.g., offset-to-depth ratio> 1). To study the azimuthal behavior of the NHMO for shear-wave reflections, we introduce an analytic representation for the quartic coefficient of the Taylor's series expansion of the two-way traveltime. In an orthorhombic medium the quartic coefficient for shearwave reflections has a relatively simple form, especially in comparison to P-wave. The reflection moveout for each shear-wave mode in a homogeneous orthorhombic medium is purely hyperbolic in the direction normal to the polarization. The nonhyperbolic portion of the moveout, on the other hand, reaches its maximum along the polarization direction, and it reduces rapidly away from the direction of pOlarization. As a result, the anisotropy-induced, nonhyperbolic reflection moveout is significant in the vicinity of the polarization directions (e.g., ±30° and for large offset-to-depth ratios). The implementation of the NHM0 equation and the utilization of the moveout coefficients allow for not only enhanced seismic imaging but also provide the link between seismic signatures and medium parameters.Saudi AramcoMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Borehole Acoustics and Logging ConsortiumMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratory. Reservoir Delineation Consortiu

Nonhyperbolic reflection moveout for orthorhombic media

Reflection moveout in azimuthally anisotropic media is not only azimuthally dependent but it is also nonhyperbolic. As a result, the conventional hyperbolic normal moveout (NMO) equation parameterized by the exact NMO (stacking) velocity loses accuracy with increasing offset (i.e., spreadlength). This is true even for a single-homogeneous azimuthally anisotropic layer. The most common azimuthally anisotropic models used to describe fractured media are the horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) and the orthorhombic (ORT). Here, we introduce an analytic representation for the quartic coefficient of the Taylor’s series expansion of the two-way traveltime for pure mode reflection (i.e., no conversion) in arbitrary anisotropic media with arbitrary strength of anisotropy. In addition, we present an analytic expression for the long-spread (large-offset) nonhyperbolic reflection moveout (NHMO). In this study, special attention is given to Pwave propagation in orthorhombic media with horizontal interfaces. The quartic coefficient, in general, has a relatively simple form, especially for shear wave propagation. The reflection moveout for each shear-wave mode in a homogeneous orthorhombic medium is purely hyperbolic in the direction normal to the polarization. In addition, the nonhyperbolic portion of the moveout for shear-wave propagation reaches its maximum along the polarization direction, and it decreases rapidly away from the direction of polarization. Hence, the anisotropy-induced nonhyperbolic reflection moveout for shear-wave propagation is significant in the vicinity of the polarization directions. In multilayered azimuthally anisotropic media, the NMO (stacking) velocity and the quartic moveout coefficient can be calculated with good accuracy using Dix-type averaging (e.g., the known averaging equations for VTI media). The interval NMO velocities and the interval quartic coefficients, however, are azimuthally dependent. This allows us to extend the nonhyperbolic moveout (NHMO) equation, originally designed for VTI media, to more general horizontally stratified azimuthally anisotropic media. Numerical examples from reflection moveout in orthorhombic media, the focus of this paper, show that this NHMO equation accurately describes the azimuthally-dependent P-wave reflection traveltimes, even on spreadlengths twice as large as the reflector depth. This work provides analytic insight into the behavior of nonhyperbolic moveout, and it has important applications in modeling and inversion of reflection moveout in azimuthally anisotropic media.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources LaboratorySaudi Aramc

Diguanidinium bis­(μ-2-hydroxy­propane-1,2,3-tricarboxyl­ato)bis­[diaqua­zincate(II)] dihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (CH6N3)2[Zn2(C6H5O7)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, contains one-half of a centrosymmetric dizinc(II) complex anion, one guanidinium cation and one water mol­ecule. Each ZnII ion is hexa­coordinated by two citrate anions, one in a bidentate fashion and the second monodentate, and two water mol­ecules in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds add further stability to the mol­ecular structure. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Navigating Gaza’s conflict through women’s entrepreneurship

Purpose. This paper explores the extent to which women’s entrepreneurship in conflict zones is an influential catalyst for liberalizing traditionally conservative gender norms.  This purpose is achieved by focusing on women entrepreneurs in Gaza and how they actively renegotiate their multiple gender roles and navigate the social order through entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach. This paper adopts the interpretivist approach where individual in-depth interviews were conducted with sixteen Palestinian women entrepreneurs operating in Gaza. Findings. The findings demonstrate that the context of conflict itself and its impact on gender norms is a prime motivator for women to engage in entrepreneurial ventures. Some gender roles were constraining and other enabling for women to initiate and sustain their ventures in order to contribute to their families’ well-being. Despite the fact that the conflict context and entrepreneurship have contributed to enhancing the agency of women and their ability to navigate the conflict and its consequences, the gendered practices and assumptions are still used as guidance for women to grant legitimacy. Originality/value. This paper contributes to the gender and entrepreneurship literature by giving a greater visibility to necessity-driven women entrepreneurs in an under researched conflict context, and demonstrates how prolonged conflict instigates social and economic changes that can empower women whilst also reinforcing certain gendered norms

Aeolian And Fluvial Depositional Systems Discrimination In Wireline Logs: Unayzah Formation, Central Saudi Arabia

The objective of tills study is to discriminate between aeolian and fluvial deposits of the Permian Unayzah formation in Central Saudi Arabia by using wireline logs. The analysis is conducted on wire-line logs (field data): Density, sonic, gamma, and neutron, from two vertical wells (U1 and U2) in Central Saudi Arabia. Core data are available at well location U1 but not at U2. We apply an automated neural-network method to the wireline data for facies discrimination. Our analysis has been applied to the logs of well U2 after training the method on U1 logs using available core information. Results indicate that the Unayzah formation at well location U2 consists mainly of fluvial deposits (about 90%), which is consistent with previous studies and is supported by surface seismic images. We also investigate an analysis method based On the Fourier transform. We study the decay of the energy spectrum in the frequency domain and estimate the associated power-law exponent (i.e., the slope of the decay) for each depositional system. Analysis on the porosity logs (density, neutron, sonic, and shear), which are highly influenced by deposition composition and texture, has shown that the exponent is about the same for fluvial deposits at both well locations, while it is different for aeolian deposits.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Borehole Acoustics and Logging ConsortiumMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratory. Reservoir Delineation Consortiu