317 research outputs found
Analyzing Timed Systems Using Tree Automata
Timed systems, such as timed automata, are usually analyzed using their
operational semantics on timed words. The classical region abstraction for
timed automata reduces them to (untimed) finite state automata with the same
time-abstract properties, such as state reachability. We propose a new
technique to analyze such timed systems using finite tree automata instead of
finite word automata. The main idea is to consider timed behaviors as graphs
with matching edges capturing timing constraints. When a family of graphs has
bounded tree-width, they can be interpreted in trees and MSO-definable
properties of such graphs can be checked using tree automata. The technique is
quite general and applies to many timed systems. In this paper, as an example,
we develop the technique on timed pushdown systems, which have recently
received considerable attention. Further, we also demonstrate how we can use it
on timed automata and timed multi-stack pushdown systems (with boundedness
restrictions)
Revisiting Underapproximate Reachability for Multipushdown Systems
Boolean programs with multiple recursive threads can be captured as pushdown
automata with multiple stacks. This model is Turing complete, and hence, one is
often interested in analyzing a restricted class that still captures useful
behaviors. In this paper, we propose a new class of bounded under
approximations for multi-pushdown systems, which subsumes most existing
classes. We develop an efficient algorithm for solving the under-approximate
reachability problem, which is based on efficient fix-point computations. We
implement it in our tool BHIM and illustrate its applicability by generating a
set of relevant benchmarks and examining its performance. As an additional
takeaway, BHIM solves the binary reachability problem in pushdown automata. To
show the versatility of our approach, we then extend our algorithm to the timed
setting and provide the first implementation that can handle timed
multi-pushdown automata with closed guards.Comment: 52 pages, Conference TACAS 202
Parameterized Communicating Automata: Complementation and Model Checking
We study the language-theoretical aspects of parameterized communicating automata (PCAs), in which processes communicate via rendez-vous. A given PCA can be run on any topology of bounded degree such as pipelines, rings, ranked trees, and grids. We show that, under a context bound, which restricts the local behavior of each process, PCAs are effectively complementable. Complementability is considered a key aspect of robust automata models and can, in particular, be exploited for verification. In this paper, we use it to obtain a characterization of context-bounded PCAs in terms of monadic second-order (MSO) logic. As the emptiness problem for context-bounded PCAs is decidable for the classes of pipelines, rings, and trees, their model-checking problem wrt. MSO properties also becomes decidable. While previous work on model checking parameterized systems typically uses temporal logics without next operator, our MSO logic allows one to express several natural next modalities
Analyzing Timed Systems Using Tree Automata
Timed systems, such as timed automata, are usually analyzed using their operational semantics on timed words. The classical region abstraction for timed automata reduces them to (untimed) finite state automata with the same time-abstract properties, such as state reachability. We propose a new technique to analyze such timed systems using finite tree automata instead of finite word automata. The main idea is to consider timed behaviors as graphs with matching edges capturing timing constraints. Such graphs can be interpreted in trees opening the way to tree automata based techniques which are more powerful than analysis based on word automata. The technique is quite general and applies to many timed systems. In this paper, as an example, we develop the technique on timed pushdown systems, which have recently received considerable attention. Further, we also demonstrate how we can use it on timed automata and timed multi-stack pushdown systems (with boundedness restrictions)
Simulations for Event-Clock Automata
Event-clock automata are a well-known subclass of timed automata which enjoy admirable theoretical properties, e.g., determinizability, and are practically useful to capture timed specifications. However, unlike for timed automata, there exist no implementations for event-clock automata. A main reason for this is the difficulty in adapting zone-based algorithms, critical in the timed automata setting, to the event-clock automata setting. This difficulty was studied in [Gilles Geeraerts et al., 2011; Gilles Geeraerts et al., 2014], where the authors also proposed a solution using zone extrapolations.
In this paper, we propose an alternative zone-based algorithm, using simulations for finiteness, to solve the reachability problem for event-clock automata. Our algorithm exploits the ?-simulation framework, which is the coarsest known simulation relation for reachability, and has been recently used for advances in other extensions of timed automata
Model checking time-constrained scenario-based specifications
We consider the problem of model checking message-passing systems with real-time requirements. As behavioural specifications, we use message sequence charts (MSCs) annotated with timing constraints. Our system model is a network of communicating finite state machines with local clocks, whose global behaviour can be regarded as a timed automaton. Our goal is to verify that all timed behaviours exhibited by the system conform to the timing constraints imposed by the specification. In general, this corresponds to checking inclusion for timed languages, which is an undecidable problem even for timed regular languages. However, we show that we can translate regular collections of time-constrained MSCs into a special class of event-clock automata that can be determinized and complemented, thus permitting an algorithmic solution to the model checking problem
Towards an Efficient Tree Automata Based Technique for Timed Systems
The focus of this paper is the analysis of real-time systems with recursion, through the development of good theoretical techniques which are implementable. Time is modeled using clock variables, and recursion using stacks. Our technique consists of modeling the behaviours of the timed system as graphs, and interpreting these graphs on tree terms by showing a bound on their tree-width. We then build a tree automaton that accepts exactly those tree terms that describe realizable runs of the timed system. The emptiness of the timed system thus boils down to emptiness of a finite tree automaton that accepts these tree terms. This approach helps us in obtaining an optimal complexity, not just in theory (as done in earlier work e.g.[concur16]), but also in going towards an efficient implementation of our technique. To do this, we make several improvements in the theory and exploit these to build a first prototype tool that can analyze timed systems with recursion
A Unified Model for Real-Time Systems: Symbolic Techniques and Implementation
In this paper, we consider a model of generalized timed automata (GTA) with
two kinds of clocks, history and future, that can express many timed features
succinctly, including timed automata, event-clock automata with and without
diagonal constraints, and automata with timers.
Our main contribution is a new simulation-based zone algorithm for checking
reachability in this unified model. While such algorithms are known to exist
for timed automata, and have recently been shown for event-clock automata
without diagonal constraints, this is the first result that can handle
event-clock automata with diagonal constraints and automata with timers. We
also provide a prototype implementation for our model and show experimental
results on several benchmarks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
effective implementation not just for our unified model, but even just for
automata with timers or for event-clock automata (with predicting clocks)
without going through a costly translation via timed automata. Last but not
least, beyond being interesting in their own right, generalized timed automata
can be used for model-checking event-clock specifications over timed automata
models
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