Synchronisation cyclique globale entre les économies subsahariennes et les économies avancées

The intensification of international trade, reinforced by the interconnection of financial markets and the appearance of common economic shocks are the elements that contribute to explaining the co-movements of advanced and sub-Saharan economies. In this study, it is a question of measuring the global cyclical synchronization of the economies referred to above, over the period going from 1981.T1 to 2021.T1, from the concordance index of Harding and Pagan (2006). Overall, this analysis shows that the level of cyclical synchronization between the economies of sub-saharan and advanced countries is high enough to justify the strong economic dependence between these two groups of countries

Разработка веб-приложения "Интерактивная карта кампуса ТПУ" на основе библиотеки Leaflet

Объектом исследования является библиотека Leaflet, используемая для отображения карт на веб-сайтах. Цель работы – разработка веб-приложения "Интерактивная карта кампуса ТПУ", предназначенного для поиска зданий на карте, имеющих какое-либо отношение к Томскому политехническому университету, отображения информации о них и прокладки маршрутов между ними, на основе библиотеки Leaflet. В процессе исследования проводились: анализ предметной области, включающий изучение о освоение возможностей библиотеки Leaflet, проектирование веб-приложения "Интерактивная карта кампуса ТПУ" и его программная реализация. В результате исследования было разработано веб-приложение "Интерактивна карта кампуса ТПУ", обеспечивающее возможности навигации по карте, поиска зданий на ней, построения маршрутов между зданияThe subject of the study is the Leaflet library, used to display maps on websites. The purpose of the work is the development of the web application "Interactive map of the TPU campus", designed to search for buildings on the map that have something to do with the Tomsk Polytechnic University, display information about them and route them between them, based on the Leaflet library. In the course of the research, the following were carried out: the analysis of the subject area, including a study of the development of the capabilities of the Leaflet library, the design of the web application "Interactive map of the TPU campus" and its software implementation. As a result of the research, a web application "Interactive map of the TPU campus" was developed, which provides the possibilities fo

Mosquito development in a macrophyte-based wastewater treatment plant in Cameroon

Abstract Macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems are recognized as an alternative for sewage purification in developing countries. Unfortunately, they also represent a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes, thus a serious drawback that should be addressed despite the good promise of this technology. A 1-year study of mosquito production in seven ponds of a Pistia stratiotes-based domestic wastewater treatment plant in Cameroon revealed that approximately 43 imagoes/m 2 per day rose up, among which 54% were female. Mansonia and Culex were the main breeding genera with about 55 and 42% of the total imagoes respectively. Culex bred mostly in the first three ponds (B1-3), characterized by a high organic pollution. Mansonia occurred in great number in the later ponds (B4-7), where the water quality was rather better and the roots of P. stratiotes well developed, thus permitting the fixation of a great number of larvae to the macrophyte roots. Though representing a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes, only 0.02% of captured imagoes were Anopheles gambiae, suggesting that this wastewater treatment plant does not significantly contribute to the development of the malaria vector in this area

APPROCHES DE POINTS INTERIEURS ET DE LA PROGRAMMATION DC EN OPTIMISATION NON CONVEXE. CODES ET SIMULATIONS NUMERIQUES INDUSTRIELLES

This Ph.D Thesis is mainly devoted to the combination of DC Programming techniques and the Interior Point programming approaches to deal with large scale nonconvex programs.After a brief review of the general DC theory and algorithms, the interior point scheme is presented, the quasidefinite matrices class and its essential properties are reminded.In the second chapter we introduce a new algorithm for nonlinear problems.The algorithm is based on Chen-Harker-Kanzow-Smale regularization technique and filter approach. In the third chapter we present our main contribution, a new primal-dual interior point algorithm for solving nonconvex programming problem. The new algorithm IPDCA, follows the DCA scheme to handle nonconvexity. The fourth chapter is devoted to the integration of IPDCA in a B&B to globally solve nonconvex quadratic programming problems.In the fifth chapter we integrate IPDCA in a B&B to globally solve a 0-1 quadratic programming problems.In the sixth chapter we integrate DCA in a B&B procedure in which the lower bound is computed using monotonic optimization introduced by H. Tuy.In the seventh chapter we proposed a restarting procedure for DCA based on global optimality conditions for convex quadratic maximization problems.In the eighth chapter the two algorithms developed in chapter two and in chapter three are applied to solve a large scale structural mechanics problem. In the last chapter we use IPDCA for a machine learning with non positive kernels. The problem is a large scale nonconvex quadratic programming problem with a dense hessian matrix.Cette thèse est principalement consacrée à l'association des méthodes de points intérieurs et des techniques de l'optimisation DC et DCA pour résoudre les problèmes d'optimisation non convexes de grande taille.La thèse comporte trois parties : la première partie est consacrée aux techniques d'optimisations locales et s'articule autour des méthodes de points intérieurs et de la programmation DC. Nous y développons deux algorithmes. Après une présentation non exhaustive de la programmation DC, des méthodes de points intérieurs et des propriétés essentielles de la classe des matrices quasi-définies au chapitre un, nous présentons au chapitre deux un nouvel algorithme basé sur une reformulation des conditions d'optimalité de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'intégration des techniques d'optimisation DC dans un schéma de points intérieurs, c'est l'algorithme IPDCA.La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée aux solutions globales de problèmes de programmation quadratique. Dans le premier chapitre de cette partie nous explorons l'intégration d'IPDCA dans un schéma B&B. Le second chapitre de la partie est consacré à la résolution de problèmes quadratiques à variables 0-1 par un schéma B\&B dans lequel nous faisons intervenir IPDCA. Le troisième chapitre est quant à lui consacré à l'optimisation monotone due au Professeur Tuy. Nous examinons plus particulièrement son intégration dans un B&B dans lequelle DCA est appelé pour améliorer la borne supérieure.Le quatrième et dernier chapitre de cette partie est consacré à une procédure de redémarrage de DCA. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée aux applications industrielles. Nous y appliquons les deux algorithmes développés dans la première partie de la thèse à un problème de mécanique de structure de grande dimension et à un problème en Data Mining

Diagnostic des systèmes d’élevage et essai d’alimentation de porcs en zone périurbaine de Yaoundé

L’inadéquation entre l’offre et la demande en viande porcine au Cameroun crée l’urgence de développement des élevages porcins surtout ceux périurbains. Or, les systèmes de production porcine des zones périurbaines de Yaoundé restent peu connus, les techniques et les coûts de production non maîtrisées et élevés. A cet effet, une étude diagnostique a été menée en 2008 pour analyser les caractéristiques sociologiques et techniques des élevages porcins, identifier les contraintes et y apporter des améliorations. Des interviews structurées individuelles ont été effectuées auprès de 40 éleveurs dans 4 localités de la périphérie de Yaoundé. Par la suite, un éleveur a été choisi au hasard pour mener un essai d’alimentation pendant 64 jours. A cet effet, 12 porcelets âgés de 2 mois, ayant un poids compris entre 9 et 11kg ont été repartis en 3 lots (traitements) de 4 porcelets chacun. Les 3 lots ont reçu respectivement un aliment à base de graines de soja grillées, un aliment à base du tourteau de coton et un aliment à base du tourteau de palmiste. L’analyse des données montre que l’élevage du porc est une activité à but lucratif conduite en majorité par les hommes (75,8%) âgés en moyenne de 45 ans. 84,0% des bâtiments d’élevage sont en matériaux provisoire. Les porcs sont de races améliorées avec 81,2% ayant 2 mises bas/truie/an pour une portée moyenne de 8,5 ± 3,2 porcelets/mise bas. L’alimentation est de type mixte à 70,0% et représente une contrainte majeure. Les porcs nourris à la graine de soja grillée ont un gain de poids de 369,1g/j avec un indice de consommation de 2,8 contre 322g/j pour ceux nourris au tourteau de coton avec un indice de 3,05 et 179,7g/j pour ceux au tourteau de palmiste avec un indice de consommation de 4,65.Mots clés : Elevage ; Porcs ; Diagnostic ; Alimentation ; Périurbain. Diagnosis of breeding systems and pig feeding trial in periurban zones of Yaounde. The mismatch between supply and demand for pork in Cameroon creates urgency of development of pig farms especially peri-urban ones. However, the pig production systems in peri-urban areas of Yaounde remain little known, techniques and costs of production uncontrolled and high. For this purpose, a diagnostic study was conducted in 2008 to analyze the sociological and technical characteristics of pig farms, identify constraints and make improvements. Structured individual interviews were conducted with 40 farmers in 4 localities in the outskirts of Yaounde.Following the investigation, a trial was conducted from a breeder for 64 days: 12 piglets aged 2 months, weighing between 9 and 11kg were divided into 3 groups containing 4 piglets each. The 3 groups corresponding to 3 treatments each received a diet based on roasted soybeans, a diet based on cottonseed cake and a diet containing the palm kernel cake. The data analysis shows that pig farming is a lucrative activity conducted mostly by men (75.8%), with an average age of 45 years. 84.0% of the livestock buildings are provisional materials. Pigs are of improved breeds with 81.2% having two litters/sow/year for an average range of 8.5 ± 3.2 piglets/farrowing. Food is of mixed type in 70.0% and represents a major constraint. Pigs fed by roasted soybean had a weight gain of 369.1 g/day with a feed conversion index of 2.8 against 322g/day for those fed by cottonseed meal with an index of 3.05 and 179.7 g/day for those fed with palm kernel cake with a feed conversion index of 4.65.Key words: Breeding ; pigs ; diagnosis ; feeding ; periurban

Application of lower bound direct method to engineering structures

International audienc

Flavan‑3‑ol and favonol analysis in healthy and infected parents and progenies of cocoa leaves (Theobroma cacao L.) with Phytophthora megakarya Bras. and Grif

Flavonoids are phenolic compounds involved in defense mechanisms against black pod disease (BPD). Crossing between Forastero and Trinitario-resistant cocoa genotypes usually produce resistant progenies with high contents of bioactive components. This study aims at analyzing flavan-3-ol and flavonol content in the defense against P. megakarya in T. cacao genotypes for their potential selection as markers of partial resistance to BPD. Assessment of necrosis development and biochemical markers of stress (total polyphenols (TPP), total flavonoids (TF), and condensed tannins (CT)) through spectrophotometric methods of 19 genotypes identified eight hybrids that contained higher amounts (P˂0.05) of bioactive components than the better parent T79/467. The necrosis length revealed to be negatively correlated with metabolite concentrations (P < 0.05). Flavan-3-ols and flavonols were analyzed by normal phase (NP) and reverse phase (RP) HPLC–DAD-ESI (-)-MS/MS. Among the best genotypes, flavan-3-ol monomers (( +)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin), derived procyanidins (especially B2 and four of its isomers, C1, and one pentamer), and flavonols (quercetin, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside, and one isomer) were evidenced both in healthy and infected leaves. Analyzed metabolites increase following infection, but infection does not trigger the synthesis of new compounds. The order of accumulation of biomolecules is as follows: (-)-epicatechin (196%), procyanidin C1 (184%), pentamers (140%), procyanidin B2 (135%), quercetin (80%), quercetin derivatives (57–69%), and ( +)-catechin (57%). Yet their accumulation after infection revealed to be genotype-dependent. This breeding approach is designed to select partial resistant cocoa genotypes against BPD evidenced useful biomarkers in hybrids with high flavonoid content