ART-naive and short-term ART experienced individuals have decreased frequency of CD161-expressing gut homing CD8+ T-cells.

<p>Frequencies (expressed as percentages) of peripheral blood (PB) memory gut homing (CD45RO+ CCR9+ B7+) CD4+ (A) and CD8+ (C) T-cells expressing CD161 were determined by flow cytometry on PBMCs of HIV-infected individuals (HIV+), antiretroviral (ART) naïve (n = 18), ART experienced individuals on short-term (n = 15) and long-term treatment (n = 32), HIV controllers (n = 6) and HIV seronegative individuals (SN, n = 5). Scatter plots were used to represent the data. Horizontal lines indicate median values. Each symbol represents one individual. The red symbols represent the females in each group. Groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test correcting for multiple comparisons using the Dunnett´s post-test. Only significant corrected p values are shown ***p<0.0005, **p<0.005, *p<0.05. Spearman's rank correlation between PB gut homing CD4+ CD161+ T-cells and plasma viral load (pVL) in the ART naive group (B). Gender was color-coded as follows: red dots, women and black dots, men.</p

The frequency of PB gut homing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells is altered in HIV infection.

<p>Frequencies (expressed as percentages) of peripheral blood (PB) memory gut homing (CD45RO+ CCR9+ β7+) CD4+ (A) and CD8+ (B) T-cells was determined by flow cytometry on PBMCs of HIV-infected individuals (HIV+), antiretroviral (ART) naïve (n = 18), ART experienced individuals on short-term (n = 15) and long-term treatment (n = 32), HIV controllers (n = 6) and HIV seronegative individuals (SN, n = 5). Scatter plots were used to represent the data. Horizontal lines indicate median values. Each symbol represents one individual. The red symbols represent the females in each group. Groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test correcting for multiple comparisons using the Dunnett´s post-test. Only significant corrected p values are shown ***p<0.0005, **p<0.005, *p<0.05. Gender was color-coded as follows: red dots, women and black dots, men.</p

Gating strategy.

<p>The gating strategy used for all the samples was to first define singlet and morphology by using forward versus side scatter, followed by the exclusion of dead cells (aqua dye negative events) and the exclusion of CD14, CD19, CD56, CD11c and CD123 positive cells (dump gate). Live cells were gated on CD3+ and CD45RO+ cells. Next, CCR9+ and/or β7+ cells were gated and defined as gut homing T-cells. Then CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were gated and finally the expression of CD161 on the gut homing CD4+ (top) and CD8+ (bottom) T-cells was gated. T cell activation was determined by the simultaneous expression of CD38 and HLADR on gut homing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.</p

National trends in the outcomes of subarachnoid haemorrhage and the prognostic influence of stroke centre capability in Japan: retrospective cohort study

Objectives To examine the national, 6-year trends in in-hospital clinical outcomes of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) who underwent clipping or coiling and the prognostic influence of temporal trends in the Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) capabilities on patient outcomes in Japan.Design Retrospective study.Setting Six hundred and thirty-one primary care institutions in Japan.Participants Forty-five thousand and eleven patients with SAH who were urgently hospitalised, identified using the J-ASPECT Diagnosis Procedure Combination database.Primary and secondary outcome measures Annual number of patients with SAH who remained untreated, or who received clipping or coiling, in-hospital mortality and poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale: 3–6) at discharge. Each CSC was assessed using a validated scoring system (CSC score: 1–25 points).Results In the overall cohort, in-hospital mortality decreased (year for trend, OR (95% CI): 0.97 (0.96 to 0.99)), while the proportion of poor functional outcomes remained unchanged (1.00 (0.98 to 1.02)). The proportion of patients who underwent clipping gradually decreased from 46.6% to 38.5%, while that of those who received coiling and those left untreated gradually increased from 16.9% to 22.6% and 35.4% to 38%, respectively. In-hospital mortality of coiled (0.94 (0.89 to 0.98)) and untreated (0.93 (0.90 to 0.96)) patients decreased, whereas that of clipped patients remained stable. CSC score improvement was associated with increased use of coiling (per 1-point increase, 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20)) but not with short-term patient outcomes regardless of treatment modality.Conclusions The 6-year trends indicated lower in-hospital mortality for patients with SAH (attributable to better outcomes), increased use of coiling and multidisciplinary care for untreated patients. Further increasing CSC capabilities may improve overall outcomes, mainly by increasing the use of coiling. Additional studies are necessary to determine the effect of confounders such as aneurysm complexity on outcomes of clipped patients in the modern endovascular era