Results and Issues in Student Teaching Program for Freshman at Okayama University on 2011

本研究の目的は，岡山大学教育学部における1年次の教育実習プログラムの成果と課題の検討であった。そのため，平成23年度の教育実習Ⅰ受講生294名を対象に実習後に調査を行った。その結果，（１）教育実践力を構成する4つの力や附属学校園における実習目的の多くが達成されている，（２）4つの力のうち「コーディネート力」「生徒指導力」の達成度が特に高く，「学習指導力」の学校種ごとの学習指導の特徴や違いを説明することは達成度が低い，（３）附属学校園が掲げる目的のうち，観察して学ぶことの達成度が高いが，実際に児童生徒 と関わって学ぶことの達成度は低い傾向である，（４）実習中の実習生の取り組みに関しては，授業観察において事実を観察，記録することは取り組めているが，解釈的な授業観察や，協議会での発言は十分取り組めていない，の4点が主に示唆され，実習Ⅰの課題や不安に対する学生の自由記述と併せて結果が考察された

Cumulative culture in nonhumans : overlooked findings from Japanese monkeys?

The authors thank Corpus Christi College (Cambridge) for funding DS’s visit to Koshima and Prof. Tetsuro Matsuzawa for funding WCM’s visit to Koshima.Cumulative culture, generally known as the increasing complexity or efficiency of cultural behaviors additively transmitted over successive generations, has been emphasized as a hallmark of human evolution. Recently, reviews of candidates for cumulative culture in nonhuman species have claimed that only humans have cumulative culture. Here, we aim to scrutinize this claim, using current criteria for cumulative culture to re-evaluate overlooked qualitative but longitudinal data from a nonhuman primate, the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). We review over 60 years of Japanese ethnography of Koshima monkeys, which indicate that food-washing behaviors (e.g., of sweet potato tubers and wheat grains) seem to have increased in complexity and efficiency over time. Our reassessment of the Koshima ethnography is preliminary and nonquantitative, but it raises the possibility that cumulative culture, at least in a simple form, occurs spontaneously and adaptively in other primates and nonhumans in nature.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Isolated fallopian tube torsion diagnosed and treated with laparoscopic surgery: A case report

Among diseases causing acute lower abdominal pain in women, isolated fallopian tube torsion is very rare, with an annual prevalence of 1 in 1.5 million. Because it has fewer findings on imaging compared to adnexal torsion, the correct diagnosis can rarely be made before an operation. We present a case of isolated fallopian tube torsion that was suspected preoperatively by its clinical course and findings on computed tomography. A 24-year-old woman repeatedly experienced acute colicky pain in the right lower back. Transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a right pelvic cystic lesion with intact ovaries; these findings led us to schedule a laparoscopic examination. However, the patient presented to the emergency room with acute severe right back pain. The preoperative diagnosis considering the computed tomography findings and clinical course was consistent with fallopian tube torsion. An earlier diagnosis may have helped to preserve the fallopian tube and future fertility

Habitat Selection of a Large Carnivore along Human-Wildlife Boundaries in a Highly Modified Landscape

<div><p>When large carnivores occupy peripheral human lands conflict with humans becomes inevitable, and the reduction of human-carnivore interactions must be the first consideration for those concerned with conflict mitigation. Studies designed to identify areas of high human-bear interaction are crucial for prioritizing management actions. Due to a surge in conflicts, against a background of social intolerance to wildlife and the prevalent use of lethal control throughout Japan, Asiatic black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) are now threatened by high rates of mortality. There is an urgent need to reduce the frequency of human-bear encounters if bear populations are to be conserved. To this end, we estimated the habitats that relate to human-bear interactions by sex and season using resource selection functions (RSF). Significant seasonal differences in selection for and avoidance of areas by bears were estimated by distance-effect models with interaction terms of land cover and sex. Human-bear boundaries were delineated on the basis of defined bear-habitat edges in order to identify areas that are in most need of proactive management strategies. Asiatic black bears selected habitats in close proximity to forest edges, forest roads, rivers, and red pine and riparian forests during the peak conflict season and this was correctly predicted in our human-bear boundary maps. Our findings demonstrated that bears selected abandoned forests and agricultural lands, indicating that it should be possible to reduce animal use near human lands by restoring season-specific habitat in relatively remote areas. Habitat-based conflict mitigation may therefore provide a practical means of creating adequate separation between humans and these large carnivores.</p></div

Distribution of the boundaries between humans and Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps (10×10 m resolution).

<p>The colors indicate sharp boundary: the overlapped edges of RSF class 9–10 and human lands (red) and moderate boundary: the overlapped edges of RSF class 7–8 and human lands (orange). The different panels show HB boundaries for females in summer (top left), females in autumn (top right), males in summer (bottom left) and males in autumn (bottom right).</p

Summary of human-bear (HB) boundaries for each sex-season group of Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps.

<p>Summary of human-bear (HB) boundaries for each sex-season group of Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps.</p

Differences between summer and autumn depending on changes of land cover types and sex in response to distances from open roads, forest roads, forest edges and rivers by Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps.

<p>Odds ratios for bear selection were calculated on the basis of logistic regression by controlling season inclusive interaction terms with sex and land cover. LRT denotes Log-likelihood Ratio Test in comparison with the constant only model.</p>a<p>denotes the level of significance by Wald statistics at the point estimate and</p>b<p>was the absolute difference from no selection (odds ratio = 1).</p

The final set of variables selected through univariate analysis in mixed effect logistic regression for the global RSF model across season-sex groups of Asiatic black bears; numbers indicate the rank of 15 variables ordered in accordance with Wald statistics.

<p>Significant mark * = p<0.05, all parameters were included the constant.</p><p>Bold letters = the top 5 ranks.</p

Landscape covariates considered to influence habitat selection by Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps. 9 land cover types were reclassified (6 types of vegetation, 2 human-landscape classes and others) from a satellite image with 10 m resolution.

<p>Landscape covariates considered to influence habitat selection by Asiatic black bears in the central Japan Alps. 9 land cover types were reclassified (6 types of vegetation, 2 human-landscape classes and others) from a satellite image with 10 m resolution.</p

Changes in probability of use by Asiatic black bears along with increasing distances from linear landscape features; forest edges (a), forest roads (b), open roads (c) and rivers (d) in distance effect models.

<p>Dots represent the mean of probability at a distance, and error bars represent confidence intervals predicted in logistic regression as a function of the distance variables with interactions of land cover and season; summer (dashed line), autumn (continuous line), deciduous forest (green), red pine forest (red), and open regenerating lands (khaki).</p