Mitochondrial Perturbation in Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes

Mitochondria are well-known cellular organelles that play a vital role in cellular bioenergetics, heme biosynthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, lipid catabolism, and other metabolic activities. Given the extensive role of mitochondria in cell function, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a part in many diseases, including diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In most cases, there is overwhelming evidence that impaired mitochondrial function is a causative factor in these diseases. Studying mitochondrial function in diseased cells vs healthy cells may reveal the modified mechanisms and molecular components involved in specific disease states. In this chapter, we provide a concise overview of the major recent findings on mitochondrial abnormalities and their link to synaptic dysfunction relevant to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD and diabetes. Our increased understanding of the role of mitochondrial perturbation indicates that the development of specific small molecules targeting aberrant mitochondrial function could provide therapeutic benefits for the brain in combating aging-related dementia and neurodegenerative diseases by powering up brain energy and improving synaptic function and transmission

Occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in pond water associated with integrated poultry-fish farming in Bangladesh

The use of antibiotics in poultry feed can cause antibiotic resistance in integrated poultry-fish farming pond environment. Therefore, the goal of this study was to monitor the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in pond water associated with poultry-fish farming in Bangladesh. The results showed that the prevalence rate of tetracycline (TC) and ampicillin (AMP) resistant bacteria were 0.24 to 2.59% and 0.16 to 1.0%, respectively. The higher prevalence rate of TC and AMP-resistant bacteria was found in site 3 followed by site 4 and 2 compared with control site 1. Site 2, 3 and 4 were adjacent to the integrated poultry farm. On the other hand, higher TC and AMP-resistant bacteria were found in the rainy season than in the winter. The minimum inhibitory concentration result showed quite high level of TC and AMP-resistant bacterial distribution in the pond water. Seven genera of resistant bacteri¡a were identified in pond water samples by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Among them Acinetobacter sp. was predominant followed by Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter sp. and Brevibacillus sp

Inhibition of serum antibodies against N-LDL and G-LDL binding by D-ribose (♦), N-LDL (▴) and G-LDL (▪) respectively.

<p>The microtiter plate was coated with D-ribose, N-LDL and G-LDL (10 µg/ml) respectively. Each data represents average of three experiments. The values represent the mean ± SD.</p

Immunofluorescence of kidney sections of rabbit immunized with native LDL (a); whereas Immunofluorescence of kidney sections of rabbit immunized with D-ribose-modified LDL showing immune complex deposition on GBM (b & c).

<p>Scale bar 100 µm.</p

Level of induced antibodies against D-ribose-modified LDL.

<p>Direct binding ELISA of D-ribose antisera (□), N-LDL antisera (▴), G-LDL antisera (♦) and preimmune sera (▪). The microtiter wells were coated with D-ribose, N-LDL and G-LDL (10 µg/ml) in direct binding ELISA of D-ribose antisera, native LDL antisera and G-LDL antisera respectively. Each data represents average of three experiments. The values represent the mean ± SD.</p

Effect of CFA, D-ribose, N-LDL and G-LDL on plasma TBARS and Conjugated Diene (CD) in control and treated NZW female rabbits.

<p>Each data represents average of three experiments. The values represent the mean ± SD.</p><p>Effect of CFA, D-ribose, N-LDL and G-LDL on plasma TBARS and Conjugated Diene (CD) in control and treated NZW female rabbits.</p

Kidney section from female rabbit immunized with native LDL showing normal morphology of glomeruli (a) (Magnification-60x); whereas, Kidney section from female rabbit immunized with D-ribose-modified LDL showing larger glomerular capillary tuft with increased number of nuclei showing proliferation of endothelium and mesenglial cells (b & c) (Magnification-60x).

<p>Scale bar 100 µm.</p

Liposome-Based Nanomedicine Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis

International audienc