A constrained maximum available frequency slots on path based online routing and spectrum allocation for dynamic traffic in elastic optical networks

Elastic optical networking is a potential candidate to support dynamic traffic with heterogeneous data rates and variable bandwidth requirements with the support of the optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology (OOFDM). During the dynamic network operation, lightpath arrives and departs frequently and the network status updates accordingly. Fixed routing and alternate routing algorithms do not tune according to the current network status which are computed offline. Therefore, offline algorithms greedily use resources with an objective to compute shortest possible paths and results in high blocking probability during dynamic network operation. In this paper, adaptive routing algorithms are proposed for shortest path routing as well as alternate path routing which make routing decision based on the maximum idle frequency slots (FS) available on different paths. The proposed algorithms select an underutilized path between different choices with maximum idle FS and efficiently avoids utilizing a congested path. The proposed routing algorithms are compared with offline routing algorithms as well as an existing adaptive routing algorithm in different network scenarios. It has been shown that the proposed algorithms efficiently improve network performance in terms of FS utilization and blocking probability during dynamic network operation

Elements and Characteristics of Ideal Islamic Leadership

Leaders' role is crucial for the socio-political development of a society.  Leadership in Islam is focused to do good for the society. Islam sees every human being as a “Shepherd of a herd” and a leader. This is a qualitative study based on analytical approach with an aim to explain the key elements and attributes of Islamic concept of leadership in the light of guidelines provided by the Holy Qur’an and Prophet Hadrat Muhammad (SAW). Data sources used for this study are mainly secondary and the material has been gathered from the worthy verses of The Holy Qur’an, Hadith, books, and research articles that are helpful in developing clarity in thinking about different aspects of the subject. Findings of this study reveal that accountability, justice, trust and consultation are four important elements of Islamic leadership. The study also informs that the qualities of an ideal Islamic leader include taqwah, patience, dependence on Allah, knowledge and wisdom, spirit of sacrifice, honoring the pledge, and excellence

The Impact on Financial Inclusion in The Era of Covid-19: A Case of Developing Countries

The world still has a large unbanked population, which regularly contributes to unbanked transactions. The problem is a lack of trust, financial insecurity, and knowledge about the products and services of financial inclusion. Financial inclusion provides timely and cost-effective access to financial products and services like loans and credit facilities to low-income vulnerable groups. COVID-19 has badly affected all the world's economies and caused them to suffer a great recession, which makes it essential to include the unbanked population in the net of financial inclusion. This study aims to measure the impact of COVID-19 on financial inclusion in developing countries by taking data from 2017 to 2020. The results concluded that increased fintech technology, such as mobile money services during COVID-19, increased financial technology. People started using mobile accounts during COVID-19 to avoid the risk of getting infected by this novel virus

An assessment of the Class-room Management Skills of Departmental Promotee among the Online &PSC Selectee Secondary School Science Teachers in District Dera Ismail Khan

The study in hand was conducted to compare the management skills of Departmental Promotee, Online and PSC Selectee Secondary School Science Teachers (SSSTs) in District Dera Ismail Khan. The major objective of the study was to assess the classroom management skills of Departmental Promotee, Online and Public Service Commission selectee Secondary School Science Teachers. The gender and location as demographic variables were also investigated.All the male and female of 9th class science students and Secondary School Science Teachers (SSSTs) working at GHS &GHSS of district DIKhan constitute the population of study. A sample of 25 Promotee, 25 online and 25 PSC selectee SSSTs was taken. Only those schools were selected in the sample where all three types of SSSTs were working simultaneously. 04 students for each promotee, Online and PSC selectee SSST were selected by random sampling technique. In order to get the opinion of the students about the performance of their science teachers, 5-point Likert rating scale was developed. TheCronbasch alpha reliability of the scale was0.86. In order to compare the significance difference between the means of three groups of Science Teachers, ANOVA and Tukey Test were used as statistical technique. The mean difference between male and female, rural and urban was analyzed by using the t-test. The result shows that the management skill of Departmental Promote Secondary School Science Teachers was better than the Online and public service commission selectee teachers. The results further show that there was no significant difference between the management skills of male and female and rural and urban SST’s. Keywords:Class-Room Management Skills, Departmental Promotees, Online & PSC Selectee Secondary School Science Teachers, Dera Ismail Kha

Angular Kinematics and Physical Fitness Analysis of Tall height and Short Height Javelin Throwers- A Case Study of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

This study was designed to compare the physical fitness and angular position of the university level javelin throwers. Eight tall height and (n = 08) short height javelin throwers were selected for data collection. A handgrip dynamometer, stadiometer, and weight balance were used for the measurements of physical fitness. Two video cameras a Kinovea software was utilized for video analysis of the Javelin throws. The selected variables were stature, body mass, standing broad jump, maximum bench press handgrip strength, the javelin throw distance. The angle of knee joint, elbow joints, and stride length was selected variables while performing the javelin throw. An independent t-test was applied to find mean difference among tall and short height javelin thrower. The result showed the distance of javelin throw, handgrip strength, maximum bench press, vertical jump, and standing broad jump of tall height throwers were significantly higher than short height javelin throwers. On the other hand, the tall height throwers were also significantly higher in extension of right elbow, right knee, and stride length than the short height at the time of the javelin release from hand. It was concluded the longer arms, body mass, and angular kinematics of javelin throwers are associated with the better performance. It is suggested the physical fitness would be include in the selection of javelin throw and angular movement of the right knee and elbow focused on training of javelin thrower

2,2′-(4-Methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-di­yl)dibenzene­sulfonamide

In the title compound, C15H15N5O4S2, the dihedral angles between the central 1,2,4-triazole ring and the pendant benzene rings are 55.61 (10) and 68.59 (10)°; the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 63.66 (9)°. Intra­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(7) and S(12) rings, respectively. In the crystal, sheets extending in the (101) plane arise, with the mol­ecules linked by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O inter­actions. A C—H⋯π inter­action further consolidates the structure

Surgical Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Patients Having High ETV Success Score: One-Year Experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background & Objective:  Endoscopic third Ventriculostomy (ETV) is an accepted alternative to VP shunt in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. We will share our experience and outcome. Materials & Methods:  Thirty consecutive ETV cases performed by a single surgeon during 1 year in patients with an ETV success score of 60 or higher were included in this study. Patients’ demographics, outcomes, and complications are reported. Results:  (60%) were male and 12 (40%) were female. The mean age in our study was 6.1 years ± 9 (mean ± SD). Posterior fossa tumor was the most common etiology in our series (46.6%) followed by aqueductal stenosis (23.3%). Eighty percent of our patients did not experience an ETV failure. The complication rate was 20%. Inadequate ventriculostomy in 6.6% of the patients was the commonest complication. Conclusion:  ETV is safe and effective in patients with high ETV success scores

Antimicrobial efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum strain against the B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and E.coli strains

The current study aimed to detect the antimicrobial effect of cell free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus plantarum strain against Gram +ve and Gram –ve bacterial strains. The strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated using selective media MRS agar. The strain was characterized on the basis of the gram staining, colony morphology, the biochemical tests and the DNA sequencing based method of 16S ribotyping. A total of four test strains (The three already isolated and reported strains (E.coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis) and the one recently identified  novel strain (B. cereus) were used for the analysis of antagonistic activity of bacteriocin produced by L. plantarum strain. The CFS of L. plantarum showed zone of inhibition against all the test strains (Gram +ve and Gram –ve bacteria). The conditions favoring the growth of bacteria were associated with the antimicrobial efficacy of CFS. Bacteriocin activity of CFS remained effective after exposure to temperature stress.  Wide range of antagonistic potential of CFS of L. plantarum provides an alternative for antibiotics in pharmaceutical industry. Heat resistant feature of bacteriocin suggests its application in food industry

Outcome of Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis Technique for Management of Extra Articular Distal Tibial Fractures

Objective: To assess the outcome of the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) method applied for the management of extra-articular distal tibial fractures.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Total 57 patients have included extra-articular type A distal tibial fracture, duration of injury <1 week, and competent neurological and vascular status of the fractured site. All the patients were treated with MIPPO Technique by using the distal tibial medial locking plate and the outcome of all patients was assessed radiologically in terms of union and functionally by using the Ovadia-Beals clinical scoring system. Data were analysed by using SPSS v. 21. Results: As per sample size calculation, 57 patients were included with a mean age of 37.19 ± 9.22 years. There were 45 (78.94%) male patients and 12 (21.05%) female patients. According to AO classification; the most common type was 43A1 with 31 patients (54.38%) whereas 18 (31.57%) were in Type 43A2 and 8 (14.03%) in Type 43A3. In our study, fracture union was achieved in a mean duration of 19.6 ± 3.45 weeks. When the functional outcome was analyzed, 41 (71.92%) patients had excellent outcome, 8 (14.03%) had good results, 5 (8.77%) had fair and 3 (5.26%) had poor outcome based on the subjective result and 44 (77.19%) patients had excellent, 7 (12.28%) had good, 3 (5.26%) had fair and 3 (5.26%) had poor result based on an objective result of Ovadia-Beals clinical scoring system. Conclusion: Thus MIPPO can be highly successful in achieving good to excellent outcomes in the maximum number of patients presented with a distal tibia fracture. So in the future, we can rely on this technique for such types of fractures. &nbsp

Focused abdominal CT scan for acute appendicitis in children: can it help in need

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the focused abdominal CT scan [FACT] in clinically equivocal cases of acute appendicitis in paediatric population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Radiology Department of Aga Khan Hospital, from August 2007 to November 2008. A total of 84 patients (42 males & 42 females) with clinically equivocal signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis referred to radiology department for CT evaluation were studied. CT findings were compared with histopathology and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The sensitivity of focused CT for acute appendicitis was 91%; specificity was 69% and accuracy of 76% while PPV and NPV were 58%, 94% respectively. CONCLUSION: Focused unenhanced CT is a quick, accurate and non invasive modality for the assessment of clinically equivocal cases of acute appendicitis for ruling out patients and reducing negative appendectomies