Comparative Study of 2011 and 2015 Presidential Elections in Nigeria

This paper investigates comparative study of 2011 and 2015 presidential elections in Nigeria with specific focus on the Fourth Republic from the comparative analysis perspectives Thus through the use of comparative theory unfolds the causes responsible for the opposition travail in the 2015 election in Nigeria By the use of the comparative analysis we try to know what is common and find out the causes and consequences for the victory and the losses This research also presents statistical data analysis of the both elections for comparison It was undertaking to ascertain the nature and character of the 2011 and 2015 election This article therefore recommends that in order for the electoral system to be free and fair there is need for government to place priority on education through free and compulsory education Avoid inflammatory rhetoric publicly denounce violence pledge to respect rules in particular the Code of Conduct for Political Parties and pursue grievances through lawful channels it also indicate that the sovereign power belongs to the people The era of political parties taking people for granted is gone Nigerians are very conscious of their rights they know with their votes is they can install or remove government that failed to perfor

Steady state simulation and exergy analysis of supercritical coal-fired power plant with CO₂ capture

Integrating a power plant with CO₂ capture incurs serious efficiency and energy penalty due to use of energy for solvent regeneration in the capture process. Reducing the exergy destruction and losses associated with the power plant systems can improve the rational efficiency of the system and thereby reducing energy penalties. This paper presents steady state simulation and exergy analysis of supercritical coal-fired power plant (SCPP) integrated with post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC). The simulation was validated by comparing the results with a greenfield design case study based on a 550 MWe SCPP unit. The analyses show that the once-through boiler exhibits the highest exergy destruction but also has a limited influence on fuel-saving potentials of the system. The turbine subsystems show lower exergy destruction compared to the boiler subsystem but more significance in fuel-saving potentials of the system. Four cases of the integrated SCPP-CO2 capture configuration was considered for reducing thermodynamic irreversibilities in the system by reducing the driving forces responsible for the CO₂ capture process: conventional process, absorber intercooling (AIC), split-flow (SF), and a combination of absorber intercooling and split-flow (AIC + SF). The AIC + SF configuration shows the most significant reduction in exergy destruction when compared to the SCPP system with conventional CO₂ capture. This study shows that improvement in turbine performance design and the driving forces responsible for CO₂ capture (without compromising cost) can help improve the rational efficiency of the integrated system

Simplification of detailed rate-based model of post-combustion CO₂ capture for full chain CCS integration studies

As post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC) technology nears commercialisation, it has become necessary for the full carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain to be studied for better understanding of its dynamic characteristics. Model-based approach is one option for economically and safely reaching this objective. However, there is need to ensure that such models are reasonably simple to avoid the requirement for high computational time when carrying out such study. In this paper, a simplification approach for a detailed rate-based model of post-combustion CO₂ capture with solvents (rate-based mass transfer and reactions assumed to be at equilibrium) is presented. The simplified model can be used in model-based control and/or full chain CCS simulation studies. With this approach, we demonstrated significant reduction in CPU time (up to 60%) with reasonable model accuracy retained in comparison with the detailed model

Biodiesel from microalgae : the use of multi-criteria decision analysis for strain selection

Microalgae strain selection is a vital step in the production of biodiesel from microalgae. In this study, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodologies are adopted to resolve this problem. The aim of this study is to identify the best microalgae strain for viable biodiesel production. The microalgae strains considered here are Heynigia sp., Scenedesmus sp., Niracticinium sp., Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana and Auxenochlorella protothecoides. The five MCDA methods used to evaluate different strains of microalgae are Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Weighted Sum Method (WSM), Weighted Product Method (WPM), Discrete Compromise Programming (DCP) and Technique for the Order of Preference to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Pairwise comparison matrices are used to determine the weights of the evaluation criteria and it is observed that the most important evaluation criteria are lipid content and growth rate. From the results, Scenedesmus sp. is selected as the best microalgae strain among the six alternatives due to its high lipid content and relatively fast growth rate. The AHP is the most comprehensive of the five MCDA methods because it considers the importance of each criterion and inconsistencies in the rankings are verified. The implementation of the MCDA methods and the results from this study provide an idea of how MCDA can be applied in microalgae strain selection

Building a food-resilient city through urban agriculture: The case of Ilorin, Nigeria

The rise in urban population, accompanied by growing poverty and hunger, has triggered debates on the relevance of urban agriculture in addressing the challenges of food insecurity in urban centres. This article examines the effects of urban planning practice on urban agriculture (UA) in Ilorin, Nigeria, and how it has contributed to improving the resilience of the city to food shock. Adopting a cross-sectional survey design, primary and secondary data were used. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from randomly selected urban farmers. Secondary data were obtained from the publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the Food and Agricultural Organization. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques. Respondents’ Agreement Index (RAI) was used to measure the variables influencing the performance of UA. Findings revealed that UA contributed 16.9% to meat/fish/egg requirements in the city; 4.5% to yam/cassava/potato requirements; 0.58% to vegetable requirements; 0.6% to fruit requirements, and 0.5% to grain requirements. RAI results indicated poor access to finance (0.93), limited land area (0.75), and lack of tenure security (0.44) as the dominant variables influencing the poor contribution of UA to food security. It is recommended that UA be integrated into urban planning and that more land for farming be provided

A Look at Nigeria’s Bourgeoning Emergency Management System: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations for Improvement

Emergency management in Nigeria, a country once known as the Giant of Africa, is in its infancy. Although organized responses to disasters date back to the early 1900s when the Fire Brigade was in charge of putting out fires, protecting properties, and helping communities respond to disasters, a comprehensive approach to emergency management only began in 1999. However, since then, Nigeria’s emergency management system has undergone tremendous changes. These include better organizational structure, more funding, curriculum development in emergency management education programs, increased training of emergency personnel, and more collaboration with other countries on emergency management issues. Nevertheless, this bourgeoning disaster management system still has a long way to go and faces innumerable challenges, including poverty, lack of funding for emergency management programs, and marginalization, among many others. This chapter examines the history of Nigeria, including its demography and geography, and takes a look at the factors contributing to vulnerability to disasters and hazards in Nigeria. In addition, this chapter discusses some past disasters as well as the opportunities and the challenges facing Nigeria’s emergency management system. This chapter concludes with recommendations for improving Nigeria’s emergency management system

An Examination of the Usage of Herbal Contraceptives and Abortifacients in Lagos State, Nigeria

A study on herbal contraceptives trade and usage in Lagos state of Nigeria was carried out using the research methods in Humanities and Arts through the means of questionnaire administered on some Lagos dwellers and the traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) who operate around markets in the metropolis and in the outskirts of the city. Lagos is the most populous state in Nigeria where all categories of Nigerians both literate and illiterate co-inhabit. The use of herbal birth control measures by Lagosians is popular because it has little or no side effect, it is cost effective, easily accessible and effective. Social and economic statuses of the people are no barrier to patronage. Most users are young women and the medicaments are usually preferred after sexual intercourse and before pregnancy. Names of the plants that are used and the recipes prepared therefrom are presented. Further pharmacological screening by other researchers into the reported plants is strongly suggested to ascertain or disprove the claims of the traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs)

Climate change effects and livelihood-adaptation strategies by the urban poor in Ibadan, Nigeria

As with many developing countries, one of Nigeria’s major challenges to socio-economic development is climate change. This article examines the effects of climate change on the livelihood activities of the urban poor in Ibadan, Nigeria. Adopting a cross-sectional survey design, the research relied essentially on primary data. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from 481 purposively selected urban residents engaging in different livelihood activities. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The Respondents’ Agreement Index was used to measure the respondents’ awareness of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies. Tobit Regression Model was used to analyse the factors influencing climate change adaptation strategies, while the effects of climate change on residents’ livelihood were measured using Multinomial Logistic Regression. Findings revealed that respondents were involved in diverse livelihood activities, ranging from trading to civil service. Long dry seasons, excessive heat, irregular rainfall patterns, and frequent floods make respondents aware of climate change. Low patronage by buyers, low productivity, and reduction in income were the major effects of climate change on livelihood activities. Diversifying income sources was the main adaptation strategy. Strengthening the physical planning system to build the city’s resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters was recommended

Revenue Allocation Formula and Its Impact On Economic Growth Process In Nigeria

This study attempts to analyze the impact of allocation formula on the Nigeria growth process. The analysis reveals the extent to which revenue allocation formula adopted in the past has affected the path of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The data is purely secondary data and was sourced from the world bank publication, CBN, Journal and other published and unpublished materials. There is need, therefore to address the problem by formulating a move efficient revenue allocation wastage and mismanagement of founds. Also effort should be geared towards articulation of policies that will enhance capital formulation, employment of the abundant and measures may include attachment of more weight to the share of local government from the federal collected revenue, placing more emphasis on the internal revenue generation, redefinition of the concept of definition and sustaining the present effort of government as regards budget monitoring and implementation