Changes in Body Mass Index across Age Groups in Iranian Women: Results from the National Health Survey

Background. To investigate the associations between some factors with weight gain across age groups in Iranian women. Methods. Proportional odds model was used to estimate the probability of BMI categorized as a function of education, economic index, workforce, smoking, marital status, and place of residence adjusted for age, using data from the “National Health Survey in Iran” database. It included 14176 women aged 20–69 years. Results. For all covariates, age was directly associated with overweight and obesity before 60 years of age. Among women aged 20–40 years, the rates of change in probabilities of overweight and obesity were highest. Among women, being inactive, with high economic index, married, being nonsmoker, in an urban residence, with lower educational attainment, all increased the probabilities of overweight and obesity. Conclusions. Women aged 20–40 years gained weight faster than other groups. They may need additional information and more support on how to reduce their risk for weight gain through positive health behaviors

Factors associated with obesity in Iranian elderly people: results from the national health survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>No studies have been carried out so far to cover the association between factors related to obesity, in a representative sample of the Iranian elderly population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The data in this investigation were taken from the National Health Survey in Iran, which included 4380 people aged 60 and older. The logistic regression was applied to model the relationship between the odds of obesity and age, sex, education level, place of residence, smoking and marital status.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Obesity odds ratios were 1.96 (95% CI: 1.53--2.52) for women, 2.16 (95% CI: 1.71--2.72) for the subjects living in urban areas and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.47--0.97) for smokers. Regarding the people aged 60-64 years as the reference group, the obesity odds ratios were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66--1.10) for ages 65-69 years, 0.75 (95% CI: 0.57--0.97) for ages 70-74 years, 0.43 (95% CI: 0.30--0.60) for ages 75-79 years and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.20--0.63) for ages 80+ years. Using the basic education level as the reference group, obesity odds ratios were 1.38 (95% CI: 1.08-1.76) for the moderate level and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.56- 1.52) for the high level group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>As the result of findings, we are optimistic that we would be able to contribute to the aged community of the society, which could be achieved by means of better treatments and reductions in the rate of obesity.</p

Let Continuous Outcome Variables Remain Continuous

The complementary log-log is an alternative to logistic model. In many areas of research, the outcome data are continuous. We aim to provide a procedure that allows the researcher to estimate the coefficients of the complementary log-log model without dichotomizing and without loss of information. We show that the sample size required for a specific power of the proposed approach is substantially smaller than the dichotomizing method. We find that estimators derived from proposed method are consistently more efficient than dichotomizing method. To illustrate the use of proposed method, we employ the data arising from the NHSI

Effect of Workplace Violence Management Program on the Incidence

Introduction:Emergency nurses are at higher risk for workplace violence than other health care workers, so a workplace violence management program is crucial to prevent violence. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of a workplace violence management program on the incidence of workplace violence against nurses in hospital emergency departments.Method:This study applied a quasi-experimental design using control groups and pre- and post-tests. The research units included 48 nurses working in the emergency departments of Farabi Hospital and Amir Alam Hospital in Tehran. The intervention included the use of a program featuring some management issues such as applying ventilation, using closed-circuit television cameras, modifying lightings, employing a security guard for the evening shift, and training. The training, which was entitled “Management and Prevention of Workplace Violence,” was implemented as a 2-day workshop using training programs. The data collection tool was the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Questionnaire. Chi-square test and t-test were used to test the hypotheses. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.Results:The results of the study showed that the frequency of different forms of violence such as physical, psychological, sexual, and racial ones was decreased after the intervention, but this decrease was not statistically significant.Conclusion:The findings of the present study revealed that although the management program of preventing workplace violence with sub-categories such as training, security, physical environment, and policies and procedures could reduce the incidence of violence, this decrease was not significant; the lack of significance of the decrease was probably due to the low sample size and the short follow-up period (i.e., one month). Therefore, it is recommended that this study be carried out on a larger population with a longer follow-up period

Factors Associated with Self-Management in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

AbstractIntroduction: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that is also highlyprevalent among adolescents. The present study was conducted to determine therelationship between demographic characteristics and self-management in adolescentswith type 1 diabetes.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 426 adolescents withtype 1 diabetes aged 13 to 18, and diagnosed for at least one year. The research toolsincluded a demographic information form covering the patients’ personal, family,and health details, and the Self-Management of type 1 Diabetes in Adolescence(SMOD-A) with five subscales of collaboration with parents, diabetes care activities,diabetes problem-solving, diabetes communication, and diabetes goals. The contentvalidity of the measure was then evaluated by a group of experts and found to beacceptable (SCVI = 98%). In the assessment of the measure›s reliability, the intraclasscorrelation showed an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. The test-retest showed aconsistency of 0.73 for the measure.Results: The results obtained showed that the presence of another diabetic memberin the family leads to higher levels of self-management in some dimensions, includingproblem-solving, communication, and goals, yet to lower levels in some others,including collaboration with parents and diabetes care activities. A direct relationshipwas observed between the duration of time since the diagnosis and the scores obtainedby the adolescents. An inverse relationship was observed between the type of physicianin charge and the scores obtained in the subscales of collaboration with parents,problem-solving, communication, and goals. The scores obtained were directly relatedto having a school health record and having access to diabetic care tools at school.Family income was found to be directly related to diabetes care activities and inverselyto problem-solving, communication and goals. P of ≤ 0.05 was considered significantfor all relationships.Conclusions: Self-management was found to be moderate to good among Iranianadolescents with type 1 diabetes; however, it could be further improved with thesupport of both families and medical teams involved

Design and preliminary evaluation of a new ankle foot orthosis on kinetics and kinematics parameters for multiple sclerosis patients

Background: The damage of the central nervous system due to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) leads to many walking disorders in this population. However, current ankle-foot orthoses prescribed for improving walking disorders for these patients are not clinically cost-efficient. Objective: This study aimed to design and fabricate a dynamic ankle foot orthosis and a new spring-damper joint mechanism that could adapt the walking problems of MS patients and evaluate the immediate effect of the new orthosis on the speed, range of motion, moment, total work and ground reaction force during walking. Material and Methods: In this case-series study, after the design and fabrication of a new orthosis, the kinetics and kinematics of walking of four patients with MS were assessed in a case series study. Results: Walking speed improved with the new orthosis in two participants. The sagittal range of motion (ROM) increased for most of the participants. The sagittal moments increased for hip, knee and ankle joints in most of the measurements. The total joint work showed noticeable difference in the ankle joint. The increased values of vertical component of the ground reaction force (VGRF) were negligible and the increase in the impulse of VGRF was noticeable for only one participant. Conclusion: The new orthosis had positive effects kinetic and kinematic parameters of walking such as the increased velocity by two subjects and also a more normal sagittal ROM, moment and work, suggesting the potential usefulness of the new orthotic device for MS population. © 2020, Shriaz University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Implication of Mauk Nursing Intervention Model on Coping Strategies of Stroke Survivors

Objectives: Stroke is a major event in one&apos;s life, and patients will inevitably require the use of coping strategies in order to try to reestablish acceptable life equilibrium. Due to the extensive role that nurses can be active members in the patient&apos;s rehabilitation plan, the Mauk model is a model that focuses on stroke patients. For each stage of this model, Mauk has developed appropriate rehabilitation nursing interventions. This study aimed to analyze the effect of implementation of the Mauk nursing rehabilitation model (Agonizing phase, Fantasy phase, Realizing phase) on the coping strategies of stroke patients. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental one-group pre-test -post-test study. The interventions are identified and coping strategies for patients based on the Mauk model have been trained. Convenience sampling has been done in Imam Khomeini hospital and Tabassom rehabilitation center in 1392. Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire and a coping strategies questionnaire for stroke patients. The educational program was implemented in sessions of 45 minutes. The patients&apos; coping strategies, before and after training, were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS software 16. Results: The mean score for coping strategies before intervention was 111.42 ±11.71, and after intervention was 102.14± 12.45 (P&lt;0.05). The physical, mental and social dimensions in the coping strategies showed significant differences before and after intervention. Discussion: Using the rehabilitation program interventions for effectively dealing with stress, changing and unpredictable behavior patterns in chronic patients is an important component of the treatment protocol, and helps deliver an increase in coping strategies for stroke patients

Designing Sara Lipreading Test (No.2) and Implementing it in Hearing Adults

Objective: We need lipreading tests in order to evaluate patient’s lipreading skills and necessary instructions. These are two kinds of lipreading test: synthetic & analytic. Sara (2) lipreading test is an analytic test and complementary of Sara (1) lipreading test which was a synthetic one (Movallali, 2000). Developing a lipreading test and standardization of the test in a group with normal hearing and vision was the aim of this study. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical survey and its subjects included: 1) All Persian phonemes that were put in a VCV context. 2) 88 normally hearing and vision adults (58 males, 30 females) ranged from 17 to 85 years old). Results: 1) “Sara Lipreading Test” (Number 2), composed of 23 nonsense two syllable VCVs. 2) Lipreading ability of Persian phonemes in 6 groups of homophones. 3) Subjects could distinguish between visems in 6 different homophone groups. 4) Content validity of the test. 5) No significant difference between test and retest. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, “Sara (2) Lipreading Test” is a valid and reliable analytic test for assessing lipreading ability of Persian phonemes and despite of its simple structure, gives us a lot of valuable information about lipreading skills and is complementary of synthetic lipreading tests

Comparison of artificial neural network and Cox regression models in survival prediction of gastric cancer patients

Introduction: Cox regression model is one of the statistical methods in survival analysis.Proportionality of hazard rate is an assumption of this model. In the recent decades, artificial neuralnetwork (ANN) model has increasingly used in survival prediction. This study aimed to predict thesurvival probability of Gastric cancer patients using Cox regression and ANN models.Materials and Methods: In this historical-cohort study, information of total of 436 gastric cancerpatients with adenocarcinomas pathology who underwent surgery at the Taleghani hospital of Tehranbetween 2002 and 2007 were included. Data were divided to training and testing (or validation) groups,randomly. The Cox regression model (semi-parametric model) and a three layer ANN model were usedfor analyzing of database. Furthermore, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)and classification accuracy were used to compare these models.Results: Prediction accuracy of ANN and Cox regression models were 81.51% and 72.60%,respectively. In addition, AUROC of ANN and Cox regression models were 0.826 and 0.754,respectively.Conclusions: ANN was better than Cox regression model in terms of AUROC and accuracy ofprediction. Therefore, ANN model is recommended for prediction of survival probability. These findingare very important in health research, particularly in allocation of medical resources for patients whopredicted as high-risks