Probable effects of glutatione s-transferase p1 gene exon-6 (ala114val) polimorphism on the etiology of lung cancer

Objectives: Genetic susceptibility also has significanteffects on the etiology of lung cancer, besides smoking.Previously it has been reported that some genetic polymorphismshave important roles; especially Glutatyon STransferazP1 (GSTP1) gene for the development of lungcancer. GSTP1 gene has a role in phase II of xenobioticmetabolism. GSTP1 Exon-6 polymorphisms have functionaleffects on gene production and causes differencesin enzyme activity.The aim of this study was to investigateprobable effects of GSTP1gene exon-6 (ala114val) polimorphismon the etiology of lung cancer.Materials and methods: Our research population consistsedof 160 subjects; 80 as control group and 80 sufferingfrom lung cancer. Genomic DNA was extractedfrom peripheral blood leukocytes and the genotypes havebeen determined by using PCR and RFLP methods.Results: No effect of exon 6 (ala114val) polymorphismgenotype of GSTP1 gene were found on etiology of lungcancer in present study. This study showed that smoking,old age and being male are important risk factors forlung cancer. Additionally, our sample’s GSTP1 gene exon6 (ala114val) polymorphism genotype frequencies weredetermined.Conclusions: Our data derived from present study didnot suggest an effect of GSTP1gene exon-6 (ala114val)polimorphism on the etiology of lung cancer.Key words: Polimorphism of GSTP1 - exon-6 (ala114val)- lung cancer

An analysis of the computer games on the high school students' perception of confidence

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, lise birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sınıf içi güven algılarını bilgisayar oyunu oynama durumlarına göre incelemektir. Bu amaçla Kırşehir’de farklı liselerde öğrenim gören 224 öğrenciye sınıf içi güven ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan ölçek temel güven, tehdit algılaması ve ifade özgürlüğü isimli üç alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Nitel veri toplamak amacıyla açık uçlu sorular kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, genel olarak bilgisayarda oyun oynamanın öğrencilerin temel güven, ifade özgürlüğü ve tehdit algılama alt boyutlarına ilişkin algılarında farklılığa neden olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Oyun çeşitleri dikkate alınarak yapılan analizde ise strateji, yarış ve futbol oyunlarının bireyin temel güven, ifade özgürlüğü ve tehdit algılarında farklılık yaratmadığı bulunmuştur. Dövüş ve savaş oyunları, bireyin temel güven ve ifade özgürlüğü algılarına etki etmezken, tehdit algılamalarına etki etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, dövüş ve savaş içerikli oyunları oynayan lise birinci sınıf öğrencileri sınıfta kendilerini daha çok tehdit altında hissetmektedirler.An Analysis of the Computer Games on the High School Students' Perception of Confidence The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of the playing computer games on the first grade high school students’ perceptions of confidence in-class. To that end, in-class confidence questionnaire consisting of three factors which are basic confidence, freedom of speech, and the perception of threat was conducted to 224 students at different high schools in Kirsehir, Turkey. The results show that playing computer games generally do not cause any differences in the perception of the students relating to the factors. As far as the analysis carried out by considering the types of games, it was found out that strategy, car race, and football games do not cause any differences in the students’ perceptions of basic confidence, freedom of speech, and the perception of threat. However, fight and combat games influence the students’ perceptions of threat

An analysis of the computer games on the high school students' perception of confidence

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, lise birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sınıf içi güven algılarını bilgisayar oyunu oynama durumlarına göre incelemektir. Bu amaçla Kırşehir’de farklı liselerde öğrenim gören 224 öğrenciye sınıf içi güven ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan ölçek temel güven, tehdit algılaması ve ifade özgürlüğü isimli üç alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Nitel veri toplamak amacıyla açık uçlu sorular kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, genel olarak bilgisayarda oyun oynamanın öğrencilerin temel güven, ifade özgürlüğü ve tehdit algılama alt boyutlarına ilişkin algılarında farklılığa neden olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Oyun çeşitleri dikkate alınarak yapılan analizde ise strateji, yarış ve futbol oyunlarının bireyin temel güven, ifade özgürlüğü ve tehdit algılarında farklılık yaratmadığı bulunmuştur. Dövüş ve savaş oyunları, bireyin temel güven ve ifade özgürlüğü algılarına etki etmezken, tehdit algılamalarına etki etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, dövüş ve savaş içerikli oyunları oynayan lise birinci sınıf öğrencileri sınıfta kendilerini daha çok tehdit altında hissetmektedirler.An Analysis of the Computer Games on the High School Students' Perception of Confidence The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of the playing computer games on the first grade high school students‘ perceptions of confidence in-class. To that end, in-class confidence questionnaire consisting of three factors which are basic confidence, freedom of speech, and the perception of threat was conducted to 224 students at different high schools in Kirsehir, Turkey. The results show that playing computer games generally do not cause any differences in the perception of the students relating to the factors. As far as the analysis carried out by considering the types of games, it was found out that strategy, car race, and football games do not cause any differences in the students‘ perceptions of basic confidence, freedom of speech, and the perception of threat. However, fight and combat games influence the students‘ perceptions of threat

Subcutaneous C.E.R.A. for the Treatment of Chronic Renal Anemia in Predialysis Patients

Background: We investigated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of once-monthly administration of C.E.R.A. in erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) naive predialysis patients with CKD for anemia treatment Study Design: Single arm, open label study. Methods: A total of 75 patients (mean (SD) age was 52.8 (16.4) years, 76.0% were female) were included in this study conducted between 12 August 2008 and 30 October 2009 in 9 centers across Turkey. The mean change in Hb concentration (g/dL) between baseline (week 0) and the efficacy evaluation period (EEP) was the primary efficacy parameter evaluated in three consecutive periods including a dose titration period (DTP; with initial 1.2 μg/kg dose of C.E.R.A., subcutaneously, 28 weeks), EEP (8 weeks) and a long-term safety period (16 weeks). Results: Our analysis revealed an improvement in Hb levels from baseline value of 9.4 (0.4) g/dL to time adjusted average level of 11.4 (0.7) g/dL in EEP in the per protocol (PP) population and from 9.3 (0.5) g/dL to 11.1 (1.0) g/dL in intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Mean (SD) change in Hb levels from baseline to EEP was 2.0 (0.7) g/dl in the PP population (primary endpoint) and 1.7 (1.1) g/dL in the ITT population. The percentage of patients whose Hb concentrations remained within the target range of 10.0-12.0 g/dL throughout the EEP was 43.9% (95% CI: 28.5-60.3%) in the PP population and 38.7% (95% CI: 27.6% to 50.6%) in the ITP population. A total of 206 adverse events (AE) were reported in 77.0% of patients with hypertension (20%) as the most frequent AE. Conclusion: Once-monthly subcutaneous C.E.R.A. administration is effective and safe in the treatment of anemia in pre-dialysis patients with CKD, who are not currently treated with ESAs