The Benefits of Port Liberalization: A Case Study from India

In contrast to the rest of India, where it is the government that predominantly owns and manages ports, the Indian state of Gujarat has implemented various forms of port liberalization since the 1990s. This has helped it become the country's fastest growing state. Gujarat's economy has grown at an average of 10.14 percent per year from fiscal year 2001 to fiscal year 2006, the last five years for which data are available. This is comparable with China's average growth rate since 1978, and is distinctly faster than the growth of the other Asian tigers in the 15 years before the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Gujarat has broken new ground with different forms of privatization, ranging from private provision of port services to completely private ownership of new ports. The process started in the 1980s and gathered momentum rapidly after the central government in New Delhi enacted major economic reforms in the early 1990s. Gujarat has taken advantage of a constitutional loophole to convert its minor ports into some of the biggest ports in the country, vastly improved the availability and efficiency of port infrastructure, and facilitated the development of industrial centers that otherwise would not have existed. Gujarat's port liberalization, along with its status as one of the economically freest states in India, should serve as a model for the rest of India and other developing countries, which can also benefit from the dynamic gains of port privatization

Metabolic interrelationships between vitamin B<SUB>12</SUB> and pantothenic acid in the rat

This article does not have an abstract

Wage differentials and their determinants in US tourism and tourism-associated industries

This paper examines variations in wages for tourism related industries in the US for the period 2004-2009. It critically assesses the extent to which tourism related activities conform to their low wage stereotype and finds this to be true in general but not universally. It then considers the possibility that wages in US tourism related industries can be explained by observable characteristics of these industries. Recent research has suggested that the use of wage data at the level of highly detailed occupations is an effective alternative to other ways of capturing underlying skill differences. In line with this literature data from the US Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) were used to provide this detail. The results strongly support the importance of difference between occupations in wages in understanding differences between industries. They also support the importance of a number of industry characteristics including profitability, multi-factor productivity and demand growth. The paper also considers the relevance of an industry wage premium or discount for tourism related activities in the US over the same period. To assess this it estimates an industry wage model separately for five individual occupations across all industries which employ the occupation concerned. Within the small number of occupations covered the analysis find that workers in the two more highly paid occupations exhibit evidence of a tourism related discount but that workers in the three more lowly paid occupations exhibit a tourism related wage premium

Selective demethylation of the 5-methoxyl group in flavanones and synthesis of dihydrowogonin

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Can Europe recover without credit?

Data from 135 countries covering five decades suggests that creditless recoveries, in which the stock of real credit does not return to the pre-crisis level for three years after the GDP trough, are not rare and are characterised by remarkable real GDP growth rates: 4.7 percent per year in middle-income countries and 3.2 percent per year in high-income countries. However, the implications of these historical episodes for the current European situation are limited, for two main reasons. First, creditless recoveries are much less common in highincome countries, than in low-income countries which are financially undeveloped. European economies heavily depend on bank loans and research suggests that loan supply played a major role in the recent weak credit performance of Europe. There are reasons to believe that, despite various efforts, normal lending has not yet been restored. Limited loan supply could be disruptive for the European economic recovery and there has been only a minor substitution of bank loans with debt securities. Second, creditless recoveries were associated with significant real exchange rate depreciation, which has hardly occurred so far in most of Europe. This stylised fact suggests that it might be difficult to re-establish economic growth in the absence of sizeable real exchange rate depreciation, if credit growth does not return

Genotype-Environment Interactions Reveal Causal Pathways That Mediate Genetic Effects on Phenotype

Unraveling the molecular processes that lead from genotype to phenotype is crucial for the understanding and effective treatment of genetic diseases. Knowledge of the causative genetic defect most often does not enable treatment; therefore, causal intermediates between genotype and phenotype constitute valuable candidates for molecular intervention points that can be therapeutically targeted. Mapping genetic determinants of gene expression levels (also known as expression quantitative trait loci or eQTL studies) is frequently used for this purpose, yet distinguishing causation from correlation remains a significant challenge. Here, we address this challenge using extensive, multi-environment gene expression and fitness profiling of hundreds of genetically diverse yeast strains, in order to identify truly causal intermediate genes that condition fitness in a given environment. Using functional genomics assays, we show that the predictive power of eQTL studies for inferring causal intermediate genes is poor unless performed across multiple environments. Surprisingly, although the effects of genotype on fitness depended strongly on environment, causal intermediates could be most reliably predicted from genetic effects on expression present in all environments. Our results indicate a mechanism explaining this apparent paradox, whereby immediate molecular consequences of genetic variation are shared across environments, and environment-dependent phenotypic effects result from downstream integration of environmental signals. We developed a statistical model to predict causal intermediates that leverages this insight, yielding over 400 transcripts, for the majority of which we experimentally validated their role in conditioning fitness. Our findings have implications for the design and analysis of clinical omics studies aimed at discovering personalized targets for molecular intervention, suggesting that inferring causation in a single cellular context can benefit from molecular profiling in multiple contexts

Study of strong photon-magnon coupling in a YIG-film split-ring resonant system

By using the stripline Microwave Vector Network Analyzer Ferromagnetic Resonance and Pulsed Inductive Microwave Magnetometry spectroscopy techniques, we study a strong coupling regime of magnons to microwave photons in the planar geometry of a lithographically formed split-ring resonator (SRR) loaded by a single-crystal epitaxial yttrium-iron garnet (YIG) film. Strong anti-crossing of the photon modes of SRR and of the magnon modes of the YIG film is observed in the applied-magnetic-field resolved measurements. The coupling strength extracted from the experimental data reaches 9 percent at 3 GHz. Theoretically, we propose an equivalent circuit model of an SRR loaded by a magnetic film. This model follows from the results of our numerical simulations of the microwave field structure of the SRR and of the magnetization dynamics in the YIG film driven by the microwave currents in the SRR. The equivalent circuit model is in good agreement with the experiment. It provides a simple physical explanation of the process of mode anti-crossing. Our findings are important for future applications in microwave quantum photonic devices as well as in magnetically tunable metamaterials exploiting the strong coupling of magnons to microwave photons