Glyphosate Biodegradation by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Their Effect to Paddy Germination in Glyphosate Contaminated Soil

Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in Indonesia. Glyphosate persistence between 55 days to 3 years. Widespread and uncontrolled use can cause weeds to become resistant and residue contaminates the soil and water environment. Due to the residual impact of glyphosate, it is necessary to identify a method that can increase the degradation of glyphosate. Several studies have shown that glyphosate can be degraded by microorganisms (fungi, rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria), some of which are members of plant growth-promoting bacteria. This study used the bacteria Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sp and Pseudomonas fluorescens. These three types of bacteria have growth-promoting properties and potentially increase glyphosate degradation. Results of chromatogram on the residual test of glyphosate in liquid medium and soil containing glyphosate showed that glyphosate residue decreased with the addition of bacterial treatment when compared to control. The percentage of degradation in liquid medium are 96.06% by Enterobacter cloacae, 57% by Enterobacter spand 93.45% by Pseudomonas fluorescens.The percentage of degradation in soil medium are 4.32% by Enterobacter cloacae, 23.49% by Enterobacter spand 12.19% by Pseudomonas fluorescens.A positive result indicates that bacterial growth boosters from the plant (endophyte) as well as the area of rooting (rhizosphere) have additional potential as biofertilizer, bio stimulant, bio protectant but also as bio degradator pollutants such as the herbicide glyphosat

The Effect of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Bacillus Subtilis on Leaf Mustard Plant (Brassica Juncea L.) Infected by TuMV (Turnip Mosaic Virus)

One problem that causing leaf mustard yield loss is the infection of Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV). Thevirus causes mild mosaic leaf with vein clearing, blister, malformation and stunting. The use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis is oneeffort that could be used to solve the problem. Through the mechanism of induced resistance, thesebacteria can elicit the defense signal in plant for the defence against pathogens. In this study the use of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis was performed to test their benefit on leaf mustard planthealth against TuMV infection. This study was conducted with a randomized block design (RBD) byusing 8 treatments and 4 replications. On the experiment of the effect of PGPR on the root length ofleaf mustard plants, the design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and4 replications. Leaf mustard plants inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis hadlonger roots than those without the inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Inaddition, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis was also able to reduce the incubation periodand disease intensity of TuMV on the leaf mustard plant. The activity of catalase enzyme and phenolcontent was elevated in the leaf of leaf mustard plant inoculated with PGPR. The results suggested thatcatalase and phenol production probably play a role in plant defense of leaf mustard against theinfection of TuMV

Microbial Community Associated with Ambrosia Beetle, Euplatypus Parallelus on Sonokembang, Pterocarpus Indicus in Malang

Recently, most of sonokembang, Pterocarpus indicus trees are dying in Malang. In 2012, the death rate of trees reached ca. 11%. In addition, death of trees spread to other regencies in East Java. Euplatypus parallelus is a specific species of ambrosia beetles that were the causal agents to the dying and wilting of sonokembang trees in Malang. Wilting is caused mainly by the pathogenic fungi carried by ambrosia beetles. To confirm the microbial communities related to E. parallelus that attack sonokembang, E. parallelus and some attacked trees were collected in Malang city. Isolation and identification of these species were conducted at the Laboratory of Mycology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Islamic State University, Malang. Results showed that there were nine microbes including five genera of fungi, two genera of yeasts and one genus of bacterium were identified. The microbial communities that were found namely Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., Acremonium spp., Gliocladium spp. (fungi), Streptomyces spp. (bacteria), Saccharomyces spp., and Candida spp. (yeast)

The Application of Beauveria Bassiana and Lufenuron Could Reduce the Reproduction of Fruit Fly (Bactrocera Carambolae) (Drew Dan Hancock) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

This study was conducted to examine the effect of Beauveria bassiana and insect growth regulator lufenuron on the fecundity and reproductivity decline of fruit fly B. carambolae adults. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Facultyof Agriculture, University of Brawijaya from March 2012 until December 2012. The density of B. bassiana spores used in this study was 108 spores/ml and the lufenuron concentrations used are 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ml/l. The results showed that the application of B. bassiana spores at density of 108 spores/ml combined with lufenuron at the concentration of 1.5 ml/l significantly reduced the fecundity, egg fertility and reproduction of B. carambolae up to 95.69%

Characterization of Bacterial Pathogen Causing Wilt and Leaf Blight on Corn (Zea Mays) by Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Methods

In 2011, we found a new bacterial disease characterized by wilt, dwarf and blight symptoms on sweet corn in Batu, East Java, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to characterize the causal agent of the disease. In this study, several assays were conducted, including hypersensitive response, pathogenicity, physiological and biochemical characteristics, PCR detection using two specific species primer pairs for Pantoea stewartii pv. stewartii, and homology analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Four Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the diseased tissue. Only two strains, BD1 and BB2, gave positive result in hypersensitive reaction, pathogenicity, and Koch\u27s postulate assays. BB2 and BD1 strains also showed positive results in the PCR amplification using specific primers derived from the P. stewartii subsp. stewartii 16-23S gene region of but showed negative result when using primers derived from P. stewartii subsp. stewartii hrpS gene region. Sequence of partial 16S rRNA gene of BD1 and BB2 showed highest homology at 96% to P. stewartii subsp. stewartii strain ATCC 8199 (NR. 044800.1). This results suggest that bacterial pathogens isolated from sweet corn in Batu were strains of Pantoea spp

Identification of Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight Disease on Maize (Zea Mays) Found in Kediri, Indonesia

Recently, a new bacterial disease of maize (Zea mays) was observed in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Infected plants showed wilt symptoms occasionally accompanied by leaf blight. This study aims to characterize the causal agent of bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize observed in Kediri. Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the diseased tissues. All bacterial strains (KD1A, KB2A, KD1, KD4, KB1) gave positive result both in the hypersensitive response and pathogen-nicity assays. However, only KD1 and KB1 strains could be re-isolated from the diseased tissues. Based on several physiological and biochemical assays, the bacteria resembled Pantoea agglomerans. Moreover, the strains showed negative result on PCR amplification using HRP1d and HRP3r, a primer pair specific for detection of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence of KD1 and KB1 showed highest homology at 88% and 90%, respectively to P. agglomerans strain DSM 3493 (NR 0419781). The homology values were too low to conclude that the bacteria were similar to P. agglomerans. These results suggest that bacterial pathogens isolated from maize in Kediri were strains of Pantoea sp

The Potency of Bacillus SP. and Pseudomonas SP. as Biologicalcontrol Agents Against Corn Leaf Blight Disease Caused by Pantoea SP.

One of new biotic constraints in corn production in Indonesia is leaf blight disease caused by Pantoea sp. which is needed to be controlled. The purpose of this research is to study the potential of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. as biological control agents against corn leaf blight caused by Pantoea sp. The results showed that all bacterial strains of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. have potential in inhibiting the growth of Pantoea sp. by showing the clear zone on the agar plate. The antibiosis types are bactercide or bacteriostatic. On pot experiment all bacterial strains showed the reduction of the disease incidence at the same level compared with that of bactericide streptomycin suphate. All bacterial strains as well as bactericide could reduce the disease incidence at 18-24% compared with that of control (aquades treatment only). The results suggest that all bacterial strains are potential as biological control agent against leaf blight disease on corn leaf caused by Pantoea sp