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Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Convergence insufficiency is a common binocular vision disorder in which the eyes have a strong tendency to drift outward (exophoria) with difficulty turning the eyes inward when reading or doing close work.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the comparative effectiveness and relative ranking of non-surgical interventions for convergence insufficiency through a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA).
SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and three trials registers up to 20 September 2019.
SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining any form of non-surgical intervention versus placebo, no treatment, sham treatment, or other non-surgical interventions. Participants were children and adults with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We performed NMAs separately for children and adults.
MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials (six in children and six in adults) with a total of 1289 participants. Trials evaluated seven interventions: 1) officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement; 2) homeābased pencil/target pushāups; 3) homeābased computer vergence/accommodative therapy; 4) officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy alone; 5) placebo vergence/accommodative therapy or other placebo intervention; 6) prism reading glasses; and 7) placebo reading glasses.
Six RCTs in the pediatric population randomized 968 participants. Of these, the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Investigator Group completed four RCTs with 737 participants. All four CITT RCTs were rated at low risk of bias. Diagnostic criteria and outcome measures were identical or similar among these trials. The four CITT RCTs contributed data to the pediatric NMA, incorporating interventions 1, 2, 3 and 5. When treatment success was defined by a composite outcome requiring both clinical measures of convergence to be normal, and also show a preāspecified magnitude of improvement, we found highācertainty evidence that officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement increases the chance of a successful outcome, compared with homeābased computer vergence/accommodative therapy (risk ratio (RR) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32 to 2.94), homeābased pencil/target pushāups (RR 2.86, 95% CI 1.82 to 4.35); and placebo (RR 3.04, 95% CI 2.32 to 3.98). However, there may be no evidence of any treatment difference between homeābased computer vergence/accommodative therapy and homeābased pencil/target pushāups (RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.93 to 2.24; lowācertainty evidence), or between either of the two homeābased therapies and placebo therapy, for the outcome of treatment success.
When treatment success was defined as the composite convergence and symptom success outcome, we found moderateācertainty evidence that participants who received officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement were 5.12 (95% CI 2.01 to 13.07) times more likely to achieve treatment success than those who received placebo therapy. We found lowācertainty evidence that participants who received officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement might be 4.41 (95% CI 1.26 to 15.38) times more likely to achieve treatment success than those who received homeābased pencil pushāups, and 4.65 (95% CI 1.23 to 17.54) times more likely than those who received homeābased computer vergence/accommodative therapy. There was no evidence of any treatment difference between homeābased pencil pushāups and homeābased computer vergence/accommodative therapy, or between either of the two homeābased therapies and placebo therapy.
One RCT evaluated the effectiveness of baseāin prism reading glasses in children. When baseāin prism reading glasses were compared with placebo reading glasses, investigators found no evidence of a difference in the three outcome measures of near point convergence (NPC), positive fusional vergence (PFV), or symptom scores measured by the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS).
Six RCTs in the adult population randomized 321 participants. We rated only one RCT at low risk of bias. Because not all studies of adults included composite success data, we could not conduct NMAs for treatment success. We thus were limited to comparing the mean difference (MD) between interventions for improving NPC, PFV, and CISS scores individually using data from three RCTs (107 participants; interventions 1, 2, 4 and 5). Compared with placebo treatment, officeābased vergence accommodative therapy was relatively more effective in improving PFV (MD 16.73, 95% CI 6.96 to 26.60), but there was no evidence of a difference for NPC or the CISS score. There was no evidence of difference for any other comparisons for any outcomes. One trial evaluated baseāin prism glasses prescribed for nearāwork activities and found that the prism glasses group had fewer symptoms compared with the placebo glasses group at three months (MD ā8.9, 95% CI ā11.6 to ā6.3). The trial found no evidence of a difference with this intervention in NPC or PFV.
No adverse effects related to study treatments were reported for any of the included studies. Excellent adherence was reported for officeābased vergence/accommodative therapy (96.6% or higher) in two trials. Reported adherence with homeābased therapy was less consistent, with one study reporting decreasing adherence over time (weeks 7 to 12) and lower completion rates with homeābased pencil/target pushāups.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Current research suggests that office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement is more effective than home-based pencil/target push-ups or home-based computer vergence/accommodative therapy for children. In adults, evidence of the effectiveness of various non-surgical interventions is less clear