A Study to Determine the Risk of Diabetes among the Adults of Various Temperaments using IDRS

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide and is expected to reach 4% by 2030. The risk of diabetes increases with the presence of more and more risk factors. Being categorized among Amraz-e-baridah, diabetes was more expected to affect Amzaja-e-barida (balghami and saudavi). The IDRS is a simple, feasible and low cost tool for studying the diabetes risk.Aims of the study: To assess the risk score of diabetes among the subjects of different temperaments using IDRS.A cross sectional study was conducted on adult subjects (n=358) of both gender and four temperaments at department of Tashreeh wa Munafeul Aza, faculty of unani medicine, AMU, Aligarh during April 2017 – April 2018. A semi- structured interview was scheduled consisting of socio-demographic characteristics. The temperament assessment questionnaire based on Ajnas-e-Ashrah was used to assess the mizaj-e-Shakhsi and IDRS pro forma was used to determine the diabetes risk score of the subjects. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS.Results: More than half of the selected subjects (54.24%) were found to be at Moderate risk of developing diabetes in near future while around one tenth of the total subjects (13.40%) were at high risk. A good percentage (22.34%) was found to be at No risk. 80.96% Balghami subjects selected for this study were found to be at risk of having diabetes.Conclusion: The subjects having more of Barudat and Ratubat in their Amzaja were found to be at greater risk of developing Diabetes hence this screening is of utmost importance and can be proved beneficial for timely interventions

Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Microparticle-Mediated Cellular Injury in Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Diabetes.

Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles shed from the cytoplasmic membrane of healthy, activated, or apoptotic cells. MPs are very heterogeneous in size (100-1,000 nm), and they harbor proteins and surface antigens specific to cells they originate from. Virtually, all cells can shed MPs, and therefore, they can be found in all body fluids, but also entrapped in tissues. Of interest and because of their easy detection using a variety of techniques, circulating MPs were recognized as biomarkers for cell activation. MPs were also found to mediate critical actions in intercellular communication and transmitting biological messages by acting as paracrine vehicles. High plasma numbers of MPs were reported in many cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances that are closely associated with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation and have been linked to adverse actions on cardiovascular function. This review highlights the involvement of MPs in cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes and discusses the molecular mechanisms that underpin the pathophysiological role of MPs in the onset and progression of cellular injury in diabetes.NPRP award (NPRP8-1750-3-360) from Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) and a Qatar University high collaborative grant (QUCG-CPH-2018\2019-2

Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of enzymes of rat intestinal BBM vesicles, under <i>in vitro</i> condition.

<p>Intestinal BBM vesicles (1 mg protein/ml in 50 mM sodium maleate buffer, pH 6.0), from control animals were incubated with varying concentrations (0–2.0 mM) of NaNO₂ at 37°C in a total reaction volume of 1.0 ml. At different time intervals after the addition of NaNO₂, aliquots were removed from the reaction mixture and assayed for enzyme activity. Results are expressed relative to enzyme activity in untreated BBM vesicle samples kept on ice which served as the control. Results of a typical experiment are shown here. (A) Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) (B) γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (C) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (D) sucrase.</p

Schematic representation of NaNO₂-induced intestinal damage.

<p>AO, antioxidant; DPC, DNA-protein crosslinks; GSH, reduced glutathione; BBM, brush border membrane; NO, nitric oxide; ONOO^., peroxynitrite; NO₂Cl, nitryl chloride; ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.</p

Formation of DNA-protein crosslinks in intestine of rats treated with a single oral dose of NaNO₂.

<p>Formation of DNA-protein crosslinks in intestine of rats treated with a single oral dose of NaNO₂.</p

Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of major antioxidant defense enzymes in rat intestinal homogenates.

<p>Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of major antioxidant defense enzymes in rat intestinal homogenates.</p

Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of BBM marker enzymes in isolated rat intestinal BBM vesicles.

<p>Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of BBM marker enzymes in isolated rat intestinal BBM vesicles.</p

Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in rat intestinal homogenates.

<p>Effect of NaNO₂ on the activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in rat intestinal homogenates.</p

Comet assay.

<p>DNA damage in intestinal mucosal cells was studied by the comet assay as described in Materials and Methods. (A) DNA of cells were visualized under a fluorescent microscope and 25 comets scored per slide. Control; 20 mg/kg body weight NaNO₂, I; 40 mg/kg body weight NaNO₂, II; 60 mg/kg body weight NaNO₂, III; 75 mg/kg body weight NaNO₂, IV. (B) Comet tail lengths were recorded using the image analysis system, Komet 5.5, Kinetic Imaging, Liverpool, UK. Results are mean ± standard error of six different samples. ^*Significantly different at p< 0.05 from control.</p