1,4-Bis[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)meth­yl]benzene dihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H14N4·2H2O consists of two half-mol­ecules of the main mol­ecule, each situated on an inversion center, and two mol­ecules of water. One-dimensional chains of water mol­ecules are built up by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds which are then linked with the main mol­ecule via O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional supra­molecular network in the ac plane

Problematika Penyelesaian Sengketa Kewenangan Lembaga Negara Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi

According to Article 24C verse (1) of the 1945 Constitution, Constitutional court has an authority to examine the dispute among the state institution in which its authority is given by the constitution directly. But there is a certain problem in practice which is related to definition of “state institution” and “authorities are granted the Constitution” in the 1945 Constitution. This condition opens a debate the interpretation in executing the settlement on authority dispute among the institutions. In addition, should be considered the settlement of disputes the authority of institutions, whose authority derived from regulation other than the Constitution Menurut ketentuan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945, penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD merupakan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Namun dalam praktiknya, proses penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara menghadapi problem tersendiri seiring tidak adanya batasan ruang lingkup dan definisi “lembaga negara” dan frasa “kewenangannya diberikan UUD” secara pasti dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Situasi ini pada akhirnya menimbulkan multitafsir yang berpotensi mengakibatkan tidak efektifnya penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara di Indonesia. Selain itu, perlu dipikirkan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga yang kewenangannya bersumber dari peraturan selain UUD

The multitasking Fasciola gigantica Cathepsin B interferes with various functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro

Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Fasciola gigantica infection, but its exact role remains unclear. In the present study, a recombinant F. gigantica cathepsin B (rFgCatB) protein was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Western blot analysis confirmed the reactivity of the purified rFgCatB protein to serum from F. gigantica-infected goats. The effects of serial concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/ml) of rFgCatB on various functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined. We demonstrated that rFgCatB protein can specifically bind to the surface of PBMCs. In addition, rFgCatB increased the expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β, and IFN-γ), and increased nitric oxide production and cell apoptosis, but reduced cell viability. These data show that rFgCatB can influence cellular and immunological functions of goat PBMCs. Further characterization of the posttranslational modification and assessment of rFgCatB in immunogenicity studies is warranted

Flow simulation considering adsorption boundary layer based on digital rock and finite element method

Due to the low permeability of tight reservoirs, throats play a significant role in controlling fluid flow. Although many studies have been conducted to investigate fluid flow in throats in the microscale domain, comparatively fewer works have been devoted to study the effect of adsorption boundary layer (ABL) in throats based on the digital rock method. By considering an ABL, we investigate its effects on fluid flow. We build digital rock model based on computed tomography technology. Then, microscopic pore structures are extracted with watershed segmentation and pore geometries are meshed through Delaunay triangulation approach. Finally, using the meshed digital simulation model and finite element method, we investigate the effects of viscosity and thickness of ABL on microscale flow. Our results demonstrate that viscosity and thickness of ABL are major factors that significantly hinder fluid flow in throats

Levothyroxine Exhibits Inhibitory Effect towards UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6-Mediated 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) Glucuronidation

Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of thyroid hormone, has been clinically used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, and UGTs-inhibition based drug-drug interaction has been widely reported. The aim of the present study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of levothyroxine towards UGT1A6-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation. The results showed that levothyroxine inhibited UGT1A6-catalyzed 4-MU glucuronidation reaction in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots showed the inhibition of UGT1A6 by levothyroxine was best fit to competitive inhibition, and the inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki ) was determined to be 15.3 μM. Given that UGT1A6 is one of the most important UGT isoforms catalyzing the glucuronidation reaction of many important clinical drugs, including aspirin and serotonin, inhibition of UGT1A6 activity by levothyroxine will significantly influence the pharmacokinetic behaviour of these drugs. Therefore, clinical drug-drug interaction due to the inhibition of UGT1A6 by levothyroxine should paid much attention.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Immunologic Changes during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, China

We analyzed changes in immunologic values over time for 28 hospitalized patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Levels of interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and interleukin-10 increased 1 day after illness onset and then decreased to baseline levels. Levels of virus-specific antibody were undetectable 1 day after illness onset and peaked 36 days later

Chlorine disinfection increases both intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a major threat to both human health and environmental ecosystem. Although the disinfection has been proved to be efficient to control the occurrence of pathogens, little effort is dedicated to revealing potential impacts of disinfection on transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), particularly for free-living ARGs in final disinfected effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP). Here, we investigated the effects of chlorine disinfection on the occurrence and concentration of both extracellular ARGs (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) in a full-scale UWWTP over a year. We reported that the concentrations of both eARGs and iARGs would be increased by the disinfection with chlorine dioxide (ClO). Specifically, chlorination preferentially increased the abundances of eARGs against macrolide (ermB), tetracycline (tetA, tetB and tetC), sulfonamide (sul1, sul2 and sul3), β-lactam (ampC), aminoglycosides (aph(2')-Id), rifampicin (katG) and vancomycin (vanA) up to 3.8 folds. Similarly, the abundances of iARGs were also increased up to 7.8 folds after chlorination. In terms of correlation analyses, the abundance of Escherichia coli before chlorination showed a strong positive correlation with the total eARG concentration, while lower temperature and higher ammonium concentration were assumed to be associated with the concentration of iARGs. This study suggests the chlorine disinfection could increase the abundances of both iARGs and eARGs, thereby posing risk of the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in environments