الخصخصة من منظور قانوني / Privatization from a legal perspective

احلمد لله رب العالمني والصالة والسالم عىل أرشف خلق الله أجمعني، بإذن الله تعإىل سيكون موضوع هذا البحث عن اخلصخصة من منظور قانوين، وقد اختار الباحث موضوع اخلصخصة ألهميته سواء عىل الصعيد العالمي أو عىل الصعيد المحيل، فموضوع اخلصخصة ليس من المواضيع احلديثة، فقد كانت بداياته يف عام 1676م عندما سمحت بلدية نيويورك لرشكة خاصة بتنظيف شوارع المدينة )هندي، 2004 :109 ،)وبعد ذلك بدأت الدول تباعا تنتهج هذا النهج لما فيه من إيجابيات عىل اقتصادها. ُ أما عىل الصعيد المحيل فكانت مؤرشات ظهور اخلصخصة يف سلطنة عمان عام 1996م، وذلك عندما صدر المرسوم السلطاين رقم 42/96 والذي وضع سياسات وضوابط اخلصخصة، حيث كان صدور ذلك المرسوم نتيجة الستعداد السلطنة اللنضمام إىل منظمة التجارة العالمية، ونظرا ألهمية تطوير الترشيعات بما يتناسق والتطور الذي تشهده السلطنة يف مختلف المجاالت، فقد تبع صدور المرسوم السلطاين األول صدور المرسوم السلطاين رقم 77/2004م والذي قىض بإصدار قانون التخصيص، والذي جاء أكرث شمولية ُ ويخدم سياسات اخلصخصة يف سلطنه عمان، وينسجم مع السياسة الدولية اليت تسعى السلطنة إىل انتهاجها لتشجيع االستثمار األجنيب، ولتسارع خطى التنمية يف السلطنة فقد صدر المرسوم السلطاين رقم 51/2019م والذي تتجىل فيه منهجية السلطنة بكل وضوح / This study explores privatisation, an important topic, of great importance both at the local and international level - from a legal perspective. Privatisation began in the 17th century in New York in an attempt to clean the streets of the city. This was followed by many states successively adopting this approach due to the positive aspects of their economies. Privatisation began in the Sultanate of Oman in 1996. The issuance of Royal decree No 42/96, which set policies and controls for privatisation and was a result of the Sultanate's willingness to join the World Trade Organisation and its belief in the importance of developing its legislation in a consistent manner. Internation Trade was followed by the issuance of Royal Decree No 77/2004 on privatisation law, which was more comprehensive and served the policies of privatisation in the Sultanate of Oman in line with the international policy that the Sultanate sought to adopt to encourage foreign investment and accelerate the pace of development in the Sultanate. Royal Decree No 51/2019 was then issued, in which the Sultanate's methodology was clearly demonstrated

The incidence and prevalence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma:a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare urological cancer that is still an important public health concern in many areas around the world. Although UTUC has been linked to a number of risk factors, to our knowledge no systematic review has been published on the overall incidence and prevalence of de-novo UTUC. This review aimed to examine the global epidemiology of UTUC to provide clinicians and public health specialists a better understanding of UTUC. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, and the Web of Science using a detailed search strategy. Observational epidemiological studies describing the incidence and prevalence of de-novo UTUC in adults were included, and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used for critical appraisal and data extraction of the studies selected. RESULTS: The systematic search identified 3506 papers, of which 59 papers were included for qualitative synthesis. The studies selected included data ranging from the years 1943 to 2018. A comprehensive qualitative synthesis of the data was performed. UTUC incidence generally varied according to age (higher with increasing age), sex (unclear), race (unclear), calendar time (increased, stable, or decreased according to region), geographical region (higher in Asian countries), occupation (higher in seamen and printers), and other population characteristics. Prevalence was only reported by one study, which showed UTUC to have the highest incidence of the rare urogenital cancers in Europe. CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlights an increased incidence of UTUC in certain groups, including increasing age and certain occupations such as seamen. The incidence of UTUC also varies between certain geographical regions. The trend of UTUC incidence for sex, race, and calendar time is less clear due to a wide variety of metrics used by the studies identified. More studies are also required on the prevalence of UTUC to understand its disease burden. Trial registration This review was registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42019134255). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-021-00876-7

Students' participation in collaborative research should be recognised

Letter to the editor