Performance investigation and analysis of routing protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a significant and confirms research area. The routing protocol should distinguish and keep an exceptional route among source and target. There are several assailants that able to create problems in the network, for example, a flooding assailant that causes a sag in several packages. In this study, it creates an investigation and analysis of lateness, normalized routing loads and packet delivery fractions of MANET, 2 routing protocols using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), under normal conditions and under dropping packet cases. This comparison is important when choosing the better transfer package from the source to the target and the traffic kind in the network by routing protocol. The results show that AOMDV is better than AODV using TCP and UDP. In a normal condition, the delay of packets in AOMDV reaches its maximum at 0.1967, 0.3116 and 0.2832 with TCP and at 0.045, 0.0386 and 0.094 with UDP in the first, second and third scenarios, respectively. In dropping packets condition, the delay of packets in AOMDV reaches its maximum at 0.0162, 0.0587 and 0.0224 with TCP and at 0.0151, 0.0201 and 0.014 with UDP in the 1st-3rd scenarios, respectively

Design and performance analysis of routing protocols over WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX is a technology which bridges the gap among fixed and mobile access and show the similar subscriber experience for fixed and mobile user, also fast-growing broadband access mechanism which supports low-cost mobile applications. Mobile WiMAX is a technology based on IEEE 802.16 standard advanced as an achievable and attractive key to these problems. It provides integration Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) structures with fast connection. The chosen of a suitable routing protocol is key issue scheming a scalable and effective wireless networks. Nevertheless, the problemshappen in message delivering for dynamic WiMAX. In this paper, the performance of the Mobile WIMAX has been studied in different situations using QualNet simulator on two routing protocol namely Dynamic Manet on Demand (DYMO) routing Protocol and Optimized Link State (OLSR) Routing Protocol. The results show that DYMO protocols in performs better than OLSR in different quality of service (QoS)

Comparative analysis of routing protocols over WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX is a fast growing broadband access technology that enables low-cost mobile Internet applications, and realizes the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband access in single air interface and network architecture. Mobile WiMAX combines Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and advanced multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) schemes along with flexible bandwidth and fast link adaptation, creating a highly efficient air interface that exceeds the capacity of existing and evolving 3G radio access networks. WiMAX networks, built on all-IP network architecture for plug and play network deployments, can support a mix of different usage and service models. However, the End-to-End delay occurs in delivering massage for dynamic WiMAX environment. In this paper, End-To-End delay performance of the Mobile WIMAX has been studied in different situations using QulNet on two routing protocol namely Dynamic Manet on Demand (DYMO) routing Protocol and Optimized Link State (OLSR) Routing Protocol. The result shows that DYMO protocols outperform 79.5% in End to End delay better than OLSR

Holmium oxide thin film as a saturable absorber for generating Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers

We demonstrated a new type of transition metal oxide (TMO) material, Holmium oxide (Ho2O3) polymer film SA for compact passively Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) generations. The film SA has a thickness of ~40 µm and modulation depth of ~45%. It was fabricated by embedding Ho2O3 nanoparticles into PVA polymer solution. The Q-switched laser operated stably at a center wavelength of 1563 nm within a pump power range of 45–97 mW. The maximum Q-switching pulse repetition rate and the narrowest attainable pulse width were 115.8 kHz and 0.64 µs, respectively; while, the maximum pulse energy was obtained as 129.36 nJ. On the other hand, the mode-locked EDFL emerged stably within a pump power range of 62–180 mW at a center wavelength of 1565.4 nm. The repetition rate was 17.1 MHz, while the pulse width was 650 fs. Additionally, the maximum output power was measured as 9.01 mW; while, the corresponding maximum pulse energy was obtained as 0.524 nJ. This Ho2O3 film SA offers simplicity and reliability in the design of compact and portable fiber pulsed laser generators particularly in the 1.55-µm regime. © 201

FIrpic thin film as saturable absorber for passively Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser

In this paper, we demonstrate the generation of passive all-fiber Q-switched and mode locked erbium doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) by using Bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato) iridium(III) (FIrpic) as a saturable absorber (SA). The material was prepared by solvent-casting technique and inserted between two fiber ferrules to form an SA. Then it was placed in an EDFL cavity. A stable Q-switched pulse laser operating at 1560.4 nm was achieved at a threshold pump power of 30 mW. The pulse repetition rate increased from 39.22 to 87.4 kHz and the pulse width decreased from 9.5 to 3.4 µs as the pump power was gradually increased from 30 to 208 mW. Meanwhile, a soliton self-starting mode-locking pulses at a wavelength of 1562.57 nm was achieved by adding an additional 52 m SMF to the EDFL cavity. The mode-locked laser had a repetition rate of 3.43 MHz and a pulse width of 120 ns within the pump power of 35–185 mW. The results suggest that FIrpic SA can be used to produce stable Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers at a low pump power. © 2019 Elsevier Inc

Wireless body area networks: applications and congestion control technologies

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have been used widely as sensor nodes are implanted into the body, on the body, or around the body. Many methods have been proposed concerning different issues existing in this network. Congestion is one of the vital and earnest problems in the transport layer. So, researchers are looking for a solution to avoid congestion in the network to properly transfer data between the nodes. In this work, we provide a review of WBANs applications and also congestion methods that have been proposed in WBANs. The congestion methods can be optimized through the performance parameters like delay, throughput, packet loss, data rate, and queue length